A crucial role for CD1-responsive, MHC class II-unrestricted T cells in the generation of T cell IL-4 responses is suggested by the: 1) requirement for IL-4 to prime in vitro IL-4 responses by naive CD4+ T cells; 2) ability of TCR cross-linking to induce CD1-responsive T cells, but not conventional naive T cells, to produce IL-4; 3) failure of anti-IgD Ab to induce an IL-4-dependent IgE respons...

Although the IGD amino acid motif (iso-gly-asp) is a highly conserved feature of the fibronectin type I module, no biological activity has as yet been ascribed to it. We have previously reported that the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin stimulates the migration of human skin fibroblasts into native, but not denatured, type I collagen substrata. Two IGD-containing type I modules are present...

Background and aims Since the inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in the latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a tentative disorder, a few psychometric screening instruments have been developed to assess IGD, including the 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) - a short, valid, and reliable instrument. Meth...

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become a serious mental health issue worldwide. Evaluating the benefits of interventions for IGD is of great significance. Thirty-six young adults with IGD and 19 healthy comparison (HC) subjects were recruited and underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. Twenty IGD subjects participated in a group craving behavioral intervention (CBI) and were scanned before an...

OBJECTIVE Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been investigated by many behavioral and neuroimaging studies, for it has became one of the main behavior disorders among adolescents. However, few studies focused on the relationship between alteration of gray matter volume (GMV) and cognitive control feature in IGD adolescents. METHODS Twenty-eight participants with IAD and twenty-eight healthy a...

Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) represent opposite ends of the impulsivity and compulsivity dimensions, the two disorders share common neurocognitive deficits in response inhibition. However, the similarities and differences in neurophysiological features of altered response inhibition between IGD and OCD have not been investigated sufficiently. I...

Injection of mice with a foreign anti-IgD Ab stimulates B and T cell activation that results in large cytokine and Ab responses. Because most anti-IgD-activated B cells die before they can be stimulated by activated T cells, and because IL-4 prolongs the survival of B cells cultured with anti-Ig, we hypothesized that treatment with IL-4 at the time of anti-IgD Ab injection would decrease B cell...

Three populations of murine splenic B lymphocytes have been characterized previously (6, 7, 9) as those bearing only IgM, those bearing only IgD, and a population bearing both isotopes. These studies were designed to test the response of the IgM+ cells (IgM-only or IgM plus IgD) vs. the IgD-only cells to the B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide. Results that after 1-4 days of culture, in the pres...

IgD and IgM are produced by alternative splicing of long primary RNA transcripts from the Ig heavy chain (Igh) locus and serve as the receptors for antigen on naïve mature B lymphocytes. IgM is made selectively in immature B cells, whereas IgD is coexpressed with IgM when the cells mature into follicular or marginal zone B cells, but the transacting factors responsible for this regulated change...

Immunoglobulin (Ig)M+IgD+ B cells are generally assumed to represent antigen-inexperienced, naive B cells expressing variable (V) region genes without somatic mutations. We report here that human IgM+IgD+ peripheral blood (PB) B cells expressing the CD27 cell surface antigen carry mutated V genes, in contrast to CD27-negative IgM+IgD+ B cells. IgM+IgD+CD27(+) B cells resemble class-switched and...