Complementary distribution stems from two sources. The first is a consequence of static lexical regularities such that two sounds never appear in the same context. The second is from dynamic alternations induced by morphological derivation. In this paper I provide evidence — from New York English, Akan, Madurese, and Malay — that these two sorts of relationship among sounds possess distinct pho...

DomainKeys" creates a domain-level authentication framework for email by using public-key technology and the DNS to prove the provenance and contents of an email. This document defines the base framework of digitally signing email on a per-domain basis. Subsequent documents leverage this base framework to prove and validate email delivery paths as well as extend signing to facilitate per-user a...

DomainKeys" creates a domain-level authentication framework for email by using public-key technology and the DNS to prove the provenance and contents of an email. This document defines the base framework of digitally signing email on a per-domain basis. Subsequent documents leverage this base framework to prove and validate email delivery paths as well as extend signing to facilitate per-user a...

This paper analyzes the notion of a minimal belief change that incorporates new information. I apply the fundamental decisiontheoretic principle of Pareto-optimality to derive a notion of minimal belief change, for two different representations of belief: First, for beliefs represented by a theory–a deductively closed set of sentences or propositions–and second for beliefs represented by an axi...

DNA methylation is the most common form of DNA modification in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. We have applied the method of single-molecule, real-time (SMRT®) DNA sequencing that is capable of direct detection of modified bases at single-nucleotide resolution to characterize the specificity of several bacterial DNA methyltransferases (MTases). In addition to previously described SMRT seque...

Two concepts for the support of logical data independence in the context of the structurally object-oriented data model NO2 (New Object-Oriented data model) are presented: derived types and subschemas. In general, object types can be derived in two ways: derived types can restrict (the value set of) an existing base type, or new atrtibutes can be added to the tuple value set of an existing obje...

"DomainKeys" creates a domain-level authentication framework for email by using public-key technology and the DNS to prove the provenance and contents of an email. This document defines the base framework of digitally signing email on a per-domain basis. Subsequent documents leverage this base framework to prove and validate email delivery paths as well as extend signing to facilitate per-user ...

DNA nanoswitches can be designed to detect unlabelled nucleic acid targets and have been shown to discriminate between targets which differ in the identity of only one base. This paper demonstrates that the fluorescent base analogue 2-aminopurine (AP) can be used to discriminate between nanoswitches with and without targets and to discriminate between matched and mismatched targets. In particul...

In a DNA double helix, two polynucleotide strands come together through complementary pairing of the bases, which occurs by hydrogen bonding. Each base forms hydrogen bonds readily to only one other -A to T and C to G -so that the identity of the base on one strand dictates what base must face it on the opposing strand. Thus the entire nucleotide sequence of each strand is complementary to that...

Mathematicians routinely lift operators to structures. For instance, almost every textbook on calculus lifts addition pointwise to functions: ( f + g)(x) = f (x)+ g(x). In this particular example, the lifted operator inherits the properties of the base-level operator. Does this hold in general? In order to approach this problem, one has to make the concept of lifting precise. I argue that lifti...