BACKGROUND The science of toxicology has a long history and been highly valued in Islamic countries. Numerous scientists were the expert in this field, particularly during the third and fourth centuries. Through reading such literature and gaining the experience of the scientists, one can use such valuable information to promote this science. METHODS In this article, different sources of trad...

tuhaf al-uqūl is the name of a hadīth collection, the author of which is abu muhammad ḥasan ibn alī ibn ḥussein ibn shu‘bat al-ḥarrānī. he is one of the hadīth narrators of the fourth century (a.h), and according to some sayings, he was one of sheikh mufīd’s preceptors. one of the features of tuhaf al-uqūl is its containing some single hadīths, which have no equivalent in other hadīth collectio...

ibn al- rumi, the great arab poet of the 3rd , century(ah) is well known as literary imaginer. he was also skillful in the  music of poetry as it made his poems pleasant and effective since the music in his poems was harmonized whit content and sensation. the most beautiful part of his music poetry is internal music that we cannot hear it obviously; however, but it is hidden behind the words an...

"Ibn Sina (Arabic), also known as Avicenna (Latin) and Abu Ali Sina (Persian) was the most original and systematic Muslim philosopher. In this light he is mentioned by two celebrated historians of medieval western philosophy: A. Maurer states, "...his [ibn Sina's] philosophy is a highly personal achievement, ranking among the greatest in the history of philosophy;" and F. Copleston holds, "The ...

quṭb al-dīn shīrāzī wrote several huge works not only on mathematical sciences and philosophy, but also on medicine: a commentary on volume 1 of ibn sīnā’s al-qānūn fī al-ṭibb entitled al-tuḥfa al-saʿdīya in nine volumes. this is not surprising because quṭb al-dīn came from a family of physicians and he received medical education in his youth by reading ibn sīnā’s qānūn. this enormous commentar...