Abstract Cave biodiversity and ecosystems are underexplored. To guide conservation needs for visitor management, we surveyed the 2,158 m long Danial in northern Iran vertebrate fauna. We identified four mammalian two amphibian species cave: greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , Blasius's blasii lesser mouse-eared myotis Myotis blythii Hyrcanian field mouse Apodemus hyrcanicus wood f...

Seasonal fluctuations play an important role in the pricing of a timber sale. A good understanding price mechanisms and predictability market would be very practical for forest owners, managers, investors, is crucial correct functioning sector. This research aimed to analyze effect sale season on (sawlog lumber) prices high-value species groups (e.g., oriental beech, chestnut-leaved oak, common...

Biological disturbances are integral to forest ecosystems and have pronounced effects on resistance, resilience, diversity. The Hyrcanian mixed forest, in northern Iran, is at risk of declining diversity due ongoing pressure from land use change, harvesting, biological disturbances. We analyzed the resistance resilience this area under two (i.e., oak charcoal fungus, Biscogniauxia mediterranea ...

the oriental arborvitae habitat with an area of 223­ha. is located on 20 km south of fazel­abad, golestan province. the lowest and highest of its height are 820 and 1680 m.a.s.l. the floristic-physiognomic investigation performed by walked-field procedure at 2nd seasonal sequence showed that flora of this region includes 173 plant species that belong to 147 genera and 65 families, of which 5 sp...