Compacted soil has lower water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity, which contributes to increased runoff and erosion on slopes. The aim of the present study was to assess runoff and sediment on three skidding trail longitudinal gradients (15%, 25%, and 35%) and different levels of machine traffic (low, medium, and high), over a two-year period following the impact in the Hyrcanian forest, ...

Aim To examine the trends of 1982–2003 satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values at several spatial scales within tundra and boreal forest areas of Alaska. Location Arctic and subarctic Alaska. Methods Annual maximum NDVI data from the twice monthly Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI 1982–2003 data set with 64-km 2 pixels were extracted from...

Abstract Cave biodiversity and ecosystems are underexplored. To guide conservation needs for visitor management, we surveyed the 2,158 m long Danial in northern Iran vertebrate fauna. We identified four mammalian two amphibian species cave: greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , Blasius's blasii lesser mouse-eared myotis Myotis blythii Hyrcanian field mouse Apodemus hyrcanicus wood f...

Seasonal fluctuations play an important role in the pricing of a timber sale. A good understanding price mechanisms and predictability market would be very practical for forest owners, managers, investors, is crucial correct functioning sector. This research aimed to analyze effect sale season on (sawlog lumber) prices high-value species groups (e.g., oriental beech, chestnut-leaved oak, common...

Wari is thought by many to be the first Andean Empire (ca. 600–1000 AD); however, means of expansion, areas controlled, strength polity, and nature institutions remain largely contested. In general, models describing polity are simplistic do not exploit sophisticated approaches developed historical archaeologists. expansion into Moquegua Valley, Peru, was originally interpreted as an intrusive ...