Introduction: Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is a well-known response associated with the induction of radiation effects in non-irradiated cells via signaling of hit ones. As this so-called phenomenon has been largely investigated in low dose levels, few studies focused on higher dose levels such as grid therapy. Grid therapy or spatially fractionated gri...

Prior to the introduction of improved surgical techniques such as total mesorectal excision, local recurrence rates after resection were unacceptably high with surgery alone. Phase III trials were designed to determine the benefit of the addition of radiotherapy to radical surgery, and these have reported significant reductions in local recurrence. Two different strategies were evaluated in the...

1. Homogenates of neural lobes of bovine pituitary glands were fractionated by differential ultracentrifugation. 2. Neurosecretory vesicles were isolated by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation and membranes were obtained after hypo-osmotic lysis of the particles. 3. A method is described for the isolation of a preparation of purified neuronal plasma membranes by using a fraction enriched in ne...

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an extensive fibrotic reaction or desmoplasia and complex involvement of the surrounding tumor microenvironment. Pancreatic stellate cells are a key mediator of the pancreatic matrix and they promote progression and invasion of pancreatic cancer by increasing cell proliferation and offering protection against therapeutic interventions....

Melasma is a dysregulation of the homeostatic mechanisms that control skin pigmentation and excess pigment is produced. Traditional treatment approaches with topical medications and chemical peels are commonly used but due to the refractory and recurrent nature of melasma, patients often seek alternative treatment strategies such as laser and light therapy. Several types of laser and light ther...

Background: Postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer is an essential part of adjuvant cancer treatment. RT reduces the risk of local recurrence by 50% and the risk of breast cancer mortality by 16%. Hypo-fractionated regimens are increasingly being used as they involve fewer treatment sessions and, in terms of tumor control, the effects of conventionally fractionated and hypo-fractiona...