Abstract Wood materials are characterized by complex, hierarchical material structures spanning across various length scales. The present work aims at establishing a relation between the hygro-elastic properties mesoscopic cellular level and effective response macroscopic level, both for softwood (spruce) hardwood (balsa). particular aim is to explore influence on under variations in meso-scale...

A three-dimensional hygro-thermo-mechanical computational framework for photovoltaic (PV) laminates as well its numerical implementation are established in this work. Aiming at an efficient thermo-mechanical modeling of thin-walled structures with polymeric interfaces, the solid shell element, which incorporates enhanced assumed strain (EAS) method and natural (ANS) alleviation locking patholog...