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The acidity of the gastric contents in the unfed newborn infant was first investigated by Szydlowski (1892a and b). He recorded the presence of free hydrochloric acid. Hess (1913) found free hydrochloric acid in varying amounts in 54 out of 55 infants, and recorded unexpectedly high values. Pollitzer (1921) made similar observations on 100 infants. The pH of the gastric contents was estimated f...

The bulk of the world's phosphate reserves is located in sedimentary horizons that contain appreciable amounts of carbonate. During beneficiation of phosphate rocks, huge amounts of oversize phosphate rocks are rejected from crushers. This reject also mostly contains low tricalcium phosphate and high carbonate content. In this study, experiments have been carried out to reduce/eliminate car...

Severe gastrointestinal-tract injury due to ingestion of caustic substances is not an infrequent problem in the emergency department. We report the case of a 57-year-old male who developed massive hemorrhagic, caustic gastric necrosis due to the ingestion of a non-diluted solution containing hydrochloric acid, which propitiated an urgent surgical procedure. The esophago-gastrectomy specimen sho...

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an important mineral acid with many uses, including the pickling of steel, acid treatment of oil wells and chemical cleaning and processing. This acid is extremely corrosive and its aggressiveness can change drastically depending on its concentration, the temperature and contamination by oxidizing impurities. One of the most commonly encountered oxidizing impurities i...

During interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between m-phenylenediamine (MPDA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC), a by-product, i.e. hydrochloric acid can produce. This produced acid diffuses back in aqueous phase and protonates MPDA and reduces its reactivity that results in lowering of polymer yield and performance of membrane. Further, for getting consistency in reverse...