where P represents the pressure gradient between the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein, F, the blood flow per unit time, and R. the vascular resistance. For a given pressure gradient and flow rate, R will be determined, among other things, by the physical dimensions of the chaniiels that the blood traverses. In a rigid hydraulic system this formula applies over a wide range of flow and pr...

Pumps are often used in both industrial applications and mobile hydraulic machinery. In variable displacement pumps, the flow rate is dictated by the system requirements. The electro-hydraulic pump is a new integrated product, which comprise the combination of a pump and motor as a unit replacing the traditional connection with a shaft coupling. The pump is actuated without a rotating shaft uti...

Hydraulic systems are widely used in industry because of the advantages of their small size-to-power ratios and their ability to produce very large linear force and torque. There are tendencies for compact electro-hydraulic systems which deliver powerful, linear movement having hydraulic oil circulation only when operating. This paper investigates directly driven hydraulic setup for non-road mo...

The street hydraulic capacity to convey storm water is dictated by the street gutter geometry and hydraulic characteristics. With the consideration of traffic safety, the street hydraulic conveyance capacity is also subject to a reduction defined by the water velocity and flow depth in the street gutter. In this study, the street hydraulic equation is re-arranged to demonstrate that the water v...

A root pressure probe was employed to measure hydraulic properties of primary roots of maize (Zea mays L.). The hydraulic conductivity (Lp(r)) of intact root segments was determined by applying gradients of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure across the root cylinder. In hydrostatic experiments, Lp(r) was constant along the segment except for an apical zone of approximately 20 millimeters in lengt...

Long-term hydraulic acclimation to resource availability was explored in 3-year-old Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. clones by examining transpiration, leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (G(L)), canopy stomatal conductance (G(S)) and leaf to sapwood area ratio (A(L):A(S)) in response to irrigation (13 and 551 mm year(-1) in addition to ambient precipitation) and fertilization (0 and 120 kg N...

We studied the effect of scion donor-tree age on the physiology and growth of 6- to 7-year-old grafted Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees (4 and 5 years after grafting). Physiological measurements included photosynthethetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, whole plant hydraulic conductance, needle nitrogen concentration and carbon isotope composition. Growth measurements included ...