The decision to introduce human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination into the national immunisation programme in Spain was made in October 2007, recommending vaccination of girls aged between 11 and 14 years with three doses of HPV vaccine. All 19 regions of the country (17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities) introduced HPV vaccination gradually into their immunisation programmes betw...

A problem for the generation of polyclonal antibodies is the potential difficulties for obtaining a renewable resource due to batch-to-batch variations when the same antigen is immunized into several separate animals. Here, we have investigated this issue by determining the epitopes of antibodies generated from parallel immunizations of rabbits with recombinant antigens corresponding to ten hum...

Immunization of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-prone C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55 (a model used to study aspects of human multiple sclerosis) is known to lead to the production of various abzymes. The production of catalytic IgGs that can efficiently hydrolyse myelin basic protein (MBP), MOG and DNA is associated with changes in the profile of differentiation and level of prolife...

OX40 is a costimulatory molecule that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. agonist-based combinations are emerging as promising candidates for novel cancer immunotherapy. Clinical trials have shown agonist antibodies could lead better results in patients. Using hybridoma platform and three different types of immunization strategies, namely recombinant protein, DNA, ...

Recent studies indicate that DNA immunization is powerful in eliciting antigen-specific antibody responses in both animal and human studies. However, there is limited information on the mechanism of this effect. In particular, it is not known whether DNA immunization can also enhance the development of antigen-specific B cell development. In this report, a pilot study was conducted using plague...

Each year, vaccine-preventable diseases kill thousands of adults, both in the United States and across the planet, causing a significant human toll and severe economic burden on the world's healthcare systems. In the United States, while immunization is recognized as one of the most effective primary prevention services that improves health and well-being, adult immunization rates remain low an...

I October 2016, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to approve the Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2017. The 2017 adult immunization schedule summarizes ACIP recommendations in 2 figures, footnotes for the figures, and a table of contraindications and precautions for vaccines recommended for adults (Figure). The...

BACKGROUND Zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a high prevalence in human populations. A suitable vaccine for animals can stop the transmission of infection between animal and human. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo prepared excretory/secretory antigens (E/SA) as a potential candidate for immunization against the parasite and its effect on the production of transfo...