The histopathological studies of earthworm (Aporrectodea longa) exposed to cadmium was investigated. 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg for 30 days in the laboratory. procedure exposure according Organisation Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) #207 recommended method testing chemicals. There were three replicates per treatment 5 earthworms jar soil spiked with cadmium. Control groups also prepare...

background and objective: smoking can be associated with the decreasing gingival blood flow and epithelial changes. the aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological changes of gingival epithelium and connective tissue in smokers. methods: the study was case-control. sixty male patients (28 smokers and 32 nonsmokers) suffering chronic periodontitis were participated in the study. peri...