Two lower bag domain constructions are introduced: the initial construction which gives free lower monoids, and the final construction which is defined explicitly in terms of second order functions. The latter is analyzed closely. For sober dcpo's, the elements of the final lower bag domains can be described concretely as bags. For continuous domains, initial and final lower bag domains coincid...

The objective of the present paper is twofold: first, to establish explicit conditions for the elicitation of consistent a priori and conditional probabilities for a set of events representing pieces of evidence and hypotheses. Furthermore, an algorithm is proposed which uses these consistent input probabilities to compute lower and upper bounds for higher order joint probabilities. Secondly, p...

In this work, we study the volume ratio of the projective tensor products `p ⊗π `q ⊗π `r with 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ r ≤ ∞. We obtain asymptotic formulas that are sharp in almost all cases. As a consequence of our estimates, these spaces allow for a nearly Euclidean decomposition of Kašin type whenever 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ r ≤ 2 or 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 ≤ r ≤ ∞ and q = 2. Also, from the Bourgain-Milman bound on the volume rat...

Present bias is an old idea. The notion that people are susceptible to the over-pursuit of immediate gratification dates (at least) to the ancient Greeks. In academic research, psychologists working with animals in the 1960s and 1970s proposed “hyperbolic discounting”—a functional form of discounting that generates present bias—as a natural way to represent how animals respond to time delays, a...

Although the Box–Cox transformation provides a flexible functional form for regression models, its applicability is often hampered by the difficulty of choosing an appropriate value for the Box–Cox parameter. This paper presents an explicit variance formula for the Box–Cox estimator of the functional form, from which the analytical behavior of the estimator and its precision can be assessed.  ...

This paper considers the evaluation of the average treatment effect of a binary endogenous regressor on a binary outcome when one imposes a threshold crossing model on both the endogenous regressor and the outcome variable but without imposing parametric functional form or distributional assumptions. Without parametric restrictions, the average effect of the binary endogenous variable is not ge...

Regular consumer demand systems almost invariably employ specifications that involve common functional forms in all equations. When applications involve crosssectional data it is often the case that demographic effects are important. However it is plausible that demographic effects are commodity-specific. In this case, there may be a loss of efficiency if a common functional form across commodi...

Small regulatory RNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that function primarily as negative regulators of other RNA transcripts. The principal members of this class are microRNAs and siRNAs, which are involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing. These small RNAs, which in their functional form are singlestranded and ~22 nucleotides in length, guide a gene silencing complex to an mRNA by comple...

This paper reviews critiques of the Human Development Report over the last twenty years. The critiques are mostly related to the choice of indicators, to high correlation of HDI components, functional form of the HDI including normalization of component indicators, aggregation vs. multiplication, and issues related to weighting. A thorough analysis of the critiques leads us to a proposal for mo...