that presented by Dr. T.A. Sanborn in his editorial in this issue.1 I stake no claim to being correct, only different, because our different views derive not from facts but from uncertainties. I see two crucial uncertainties in laser angioplasty: which of the new interventional systems will be most effective, and will answers derived from peripheral vascular interventions apply to coronary arte...

We present a provably-secure blockchain protocol based on “proof of stake.” As far as we are aware, this is the first proof of stake blockchain protocol which provides rigorous security guarantees. The security properties of the system are analyzed in the model of [9] and are comparable to the ones possessed by the bitcoin blockchain protocol which utilizes proof of work. Furthermore, an incent...

the purpose of this study was to detect differentially functioning items in the university of tehran english proficiency test (utept) which is a high stake test of english developed and administered by the language testing centre of the university of tehran. this paper is based on the answers of 400 test takers to the test. all participants earned a master degree either in humanities or science...

Blockchain networks have increasingly turned to proof-of-stake (“PoS”) protocols as a mechanism for discouraging bad behavior and securing participants’ data. In doing so, they not only improved their energy consumption but also increased accessibility. Still, the technological proficiency required of participants in PoS presents certain barriers inclusivity. Third-party services known staking-...