background:  pregnancy in a woman's life is a unique experience. but due to high risk pregnancy and the need to rest in bed, the women and her family are faced with different challenges and needs. the inability to manage these needs will result in crisis and understanding the needs of pregnant women during bed rest is essential to provide comprehensive health care for them. so this qualita...

Angiotensin II is converted from its precursor by angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and has been shown to mediate growth in breast cancer cell lines via ligand-induced activity through the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1). Earlier we showed that women with the low activity genotype of the ACE gene have a statistically significantly ( approximately 50%) reduced breast cancer risk compa...

BACKGROUND Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) has been recognized as a major cause of cervical cancer. Distribution of HPV genotypes may differ according to the geographic region and the severity of the cervical lesion. Determining HPV genotypes' specific distribution is useful for HPV surveillance and control programs. However, little is known about the distribution...

The focus of this review is the molecular genetics, including consensus NAT1 and NAT2 nomenclature, and cancer epidemiology of the NAT1 and NAT2 acetylation polymorphisms. Two N-acetyltransferase isozymes, NAT1 and NAT2, are polymorphic and catalyze both N-acetylation (usually deactivation) and O-acetylation (usually activation) of aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens. Epidemiological st...

BACKGROUND Identifying and monitoring high-risk patients can aid the prevention of esophageal cancer (EC). The interaction of environmental risk factor exposure and genetic susceptibility may contribute to the etiology of EC. Biotransformation enzymes such as Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs ) detoxify mutagenic and genotoxic compounds and therefore control the rate of detoxification of carcino...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered the most important risk factor for the development of ano-genital region cancer in both women and men. Whereas low-risk genotypes are responsible for cutaneous and genital lesions, high-risk genotypes are associated with ano-genital cancer. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse the prevalence, genotype distribution and temporal dynamics of...

Objective To characterize high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in a sample of women in two small English-speaking Caribbean countries: Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods Sexually active women ≥ 30 years old attending primary care health facilities participated in the study. Each participant had a gynecological examination, and two cervical specimens...

background: transition into parenthood is a major developmental life event and is very significant because development in infanthood is affected by the transition process of mothers parenting an infant. this study aimed to develop the assessment tool for transition process of high risk infant’s caregiver in korea. methods: the participants were 246 mothers of premature infant born with gestatio...