Cold development was applied to improve the resolution in a trilayer resist that is used for the fabrication of state-of-the-art soft x-ray microscopy zone plates. By decreasing the temperature of the hexyl acetate developer to −50 °C, 11 nm half-pitch gratings have been resolved in the electron-beam resist ZEP 7000. 12 nm half-pitch gratings have been successfully transferred, via the intermed...

The effects of unilateral ablation of the cortical motor forelimb area on instrumental avoidance responses consisting of lifting the forelimb and holding it within a 4 cm wide "safety zone" were studied in dogs. It was found that the surgery irreversibly impaired the search for the safety zone, while the ability to maintain the limb at a certain height was not affected. The surgery also impaire...

Spatial and temporal properties of head movement are encoded by vestibular hair cells in the inner ear. One of the most striking features of these receptors is the orderly structural variation in their mechanoreceptive hair bundles, but the functional significance of this diversity is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that hair bundle structure is a significant contributor to hair bun...

irrigated barley is grown on about 50,000 hectares in the warm agro-climate zone in the south of iran. the average grain yield of barley in these areas is 2,000 kg/ha. wide adaptability and high grain yield stability are important assets for barley varieties to be grown by farmers. zahak barley cultivar was initially selected from international barley germplasm received from cymmit and based on...

hamoon is a new bread wheat cultivar derived from progenies of a cross made between falat and roshan. it is of spring habit and early maturity, 90-100 cm plant height, white spikes and thousand kernel weight of 40-45 gram. it is tolerant to lodging and environmental stresses(drought and salinity) as will as yellow rust. hamoon has hard grains of amber colour with averae protein content of 10.5%...

We demonstrate nano-fabrication of high-aspect ratio and high-spatial frequency diffractive X-ray optics with high uniformity for use in a laser-plasma-based compact water-window X-ray microscope. The structures are fabricated on 50 nm thin Si3N4-membranes using a three-layer resist scheme and 30 keV e-beam lithography in combination with reactive ion etching and nickel electroplating. The proc...