High-density wood is required in wood flooring, especially in engineered wood flooring (EWF) designed for heavy-duty applications. However, high-density wood resources are limited and their cost is high. A densification treatment makes it possible for lowor moderate-density woods to replace harder species by modifying them into highperformance and high-value products, such as engineered wood fl...

The introduction of particulate and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) after-treatment controls on heavy-duty vehicles has spurred the need for fleet emissions data to monitor their reliability and effectiveness. The University of Denver has developed a new method for rapidly measuring heavy-duty vehicles for gaseous and particulate fuel specific emissions. The method was recently used to collect 3088 me...

SYNOPSIS Internal combustion engines are being required to comply with increasingly stringent government exhaust emissions regulations. Compression ignition piston engines will continue to be used in cost-sensitive fuel applications such as in heavy-duty buses and trucks, power generation, locomotives, and off-highway applications, and will find application in hybrid electric vehicles. Close co...

On-board diagnostic (OBD) systems monitor the performance of engine and aftertreatment components including those responsible for controlling emissions.1 Historically, OBD systems were first deployed in light duty vehicles (LDVs), in 1991 the United States and 10 years later in Europe. Those first OBD systems were very basic and had very little standardization, meaning that each manufacturer ad...