the problem of pleasure is one of the long life, great, effective and much as disputable during the human history. and a variety of philosophical-ethical schools, and also religions, divine and non-divine have paid attention - affirmatively or negatively - to it since a long time ago. although, avicenna has been affected in his definition of the pleasure by scholars of the past, but he had not ...

the purpose of the present paper is to survey and analyse the concept and significance of religious tolerance and universal brotherhood in imam ali’s teachings, especially his nahj al balagha. islam admits the freedom of thought, free expression of opinions, and exercise of independent judgment in religious matters. it also acknowledges tolerance among religions, religious communities, nations ...

on an eye-witness account of conditions in a geriatric ward, says 'it is a catalogue of cruelty, callousness, filth and depersonalisation'. He believes the aged mental patient is badly in need of a real court of protection.

Constitutivist theories in ethics seek to derive and justify normative ethical claims via facts about constitutive features of agency. In Agency and the Foundations of Ethics: Nietzschean Constitutivism, Paul Katsafanas uses Nietzsche to elucidate a version of the position he believes avoids worries besetting its competitors. This paper argues that Nietzschean constitutivism falters in many of ...

There is a significant growth in the human population worldwide which leads to increasing demand for food, typically results additional use of food industries make new form such as genetically modified (GMF) meet need global nutrition. GMF starts invade our diet increase concerns and debates about their safety. The present study investigating following: Assess people’s knowledge evaluate its ri...

Talking even about rather ordinary circumstances appears to implicate directly certain metaphysically loaded identifications. For example, if Dr. Gustav Lauben is a doctor then it seems to follow that he has the property of being a doctor; just as if he is injured, he has the property (or the characteristic) of being injured. Moreover, if Frege should come to believe that the good doctor is inj...

We discuss how a deductive question-answering system can represent the beliefs or other cognitive states of users, of other (interacting) systems, and of itself. In particular, we examine the representation of first-person beliefs of others (e.g., the ~/v.~'~ representation of a user'A belief that he himself is rich). Such beliefs have as an essential component "'quasi-indexical pronouns" (e.g....

according to abū al-barakāt baghdādī, time and place are a priori conditions of motion; moreover, against the peripatetic philosophers, for whom time is the measure of motion, he holds that time is the measure of existence. nevertheless, he believes that we can define motion on the basis of our intuitive non-scientific concept of time and, by so doing, we can resolve the apparent circularity of...

To have a theory of mind (ToM) is to anticipate the behaviour of other agents by considering what they want and what they know. It requires a representation of the environment that includes the internal states (e.g., beliefs) of other agents. Adult humans generally possess a ToM ability, demonstrated by reasoning like “he did not see the chocolate being switched from the red box to the blue one...

In his paper “Flaws of Formal Relationism”, Mahrad Almotahari argues against the sort of response to Frege’s Puzzle I have defended elsewhere, which he dubs ‘Formal Relationism’. Almotahari argues that, because of its specifically formal character, this view is vulnerable to objections that cannot be raised against the otherwise similar Semantic Relationism due to Kit Fine. I argue in response ...