OBJECTIVES We investigated the in vitro activity of cadazolid against 100 Clostridium difficile isolates and its efficacy in a simulated human gut model of C. difficile infection (CDI). METHODS MICs of cadazolid, metronidazole, vancomycin, moxifloxacin and linezolid were determined using agar incorporation for 100 C. difficile isolates, including 30 epidemic strains (ribotypes 027, 106 and 00...

Probiotics, also referred to as beneficial bacteria, friendly bacteria, good bacteria, and beneficial gut microflora, are microorganisms that reside in the gut (alimentary canal), which includes the pathway that runs from the esophagus to the anus. Beneficial bacteria are found primarily in the intestines and are part of the intestinal flora. The largest group of beneficial bacteria in the gut ...

The gut microbiota has recently been recognized for its role in immune regulation, and changes in gut microbiota may be the basis for an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases and asthma in developed countries. Beneficial microbes produce factors that are distributed systemically, and therefore can influence peripheral inflammatory responses. Such symbiosis factors are important for the con...

The intestinal microflora of an adult person is a complex ecosystem, estimated to harbor about 400 different bacterial species. Anaerobic bacteria outnumber aerobic and facultative bacteria by a factor of 100 to 1000. The population level of each species is thought to be strictly regulated by the competition for nutrients and space. Thus, potential pathogens such as Escherichia coli and other e...

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes (T1D), progression of which is similar to that in humans, and therefore are widely used as a model for understanding the immunological basis of this disease. The incidence of T1D in NOD mice is influenced by the degree of cleanliness of the mouse colony and the gut microflora. In this report, we show that the T1D incidence and r...

Although it has long been recognized that the enteric community of bacteria that inhabit the human distal intestinal track broadly impacts human health, the biochemical details that underlie these effects remain largely undefined. Here, we report a broad MS-based metabolomics study that demonstrates a surprisingly large effect of the gut "microbiome" on mammalian blood metabolites. Plasma extra...

The intestine is an extremely complex living system that participates in the protection of the host through a strong defense against aggressions from the external environment. This defensive task is based on 3 constituents that are in permanent contact and dialog with each other: the microflora, mucosal barrier, and local immune system. We review herein current knowledge about these important f...

The gut microbiome and daily feeding/fasting cycle influence host metabolism and contribute to obesity and metabolic diseases. However, fundamental characteristics of this relationship between the feeding/fasting cycle and the gut microbiome are unknown. Our studies show that the gut microbiome is highly dynamic, exhibiting daily cyclical fluctuations in composition. Diet-induced obesity dampen...

The gastrointestinal tract of the human and other mammals is populated by a vast and diverse group of microbes in a composite manner (Frank and Pace, 2008; Ito, 2005). Bacteria are the major population of the alimentary tract and this native microflora is commonly designated the gut microflora (Ito, 2005). Microbial flora present in the microenvironment of the gastrointestinal tract performs se...

The luminal intestinal microflora affects the state of muscular system experimental animals and humans. role nutrition in development skeletal muscles is considered. metabolically active substances secreted by microbiota cachexia, sarcopenia, kwashiorkor effect exercise on gut microbiome was assessed. Possible variants influence probiotics its functional activity experiment humans are presented.