A basic kinetic model that incorporates a coupled dynamics of the carbon atoms and dimers on a copper surface is used to compute growth of a single-layer graphene island. The speed of the island's edge advancement on Cu[111] and Cu[100] surfaces is computed as a function of the growth temperature and pressure. Spatially resolved concentration profiles of the atoms and dimers are determined, and...

A basic kinetic model that incorporates a coupled dynamics of the carbon atoms and dimers on a copper surface is used to compute growth of a single-layer graphene island. The speed of the island’s edge advancement on Cu[111] and Cu[100] surfaces is computed as a function of the growth temperature and pressure. Spatially resolved concentration profiles of the atoms and dimers are determined, and...

BACKGROUND The often dramatic effects of urbanization on community and ecosystem properties, such as primary productivity, abundances, and diversity are now well-established. In most cities local primary productivity increases and this extra energy flows upwards to alter diversity and relative abundances in higher trophic levels. The abiotic mechanisms thought to be responsible for increases in...

Rhamnolipids find broad applications as natural surfactants, emulsifiers, and antibiotics because of their low toxicity, high biodegradability and environmental soundness. In this study, a pH stage-controlled process of fermentation of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-2-2 was established. A yield of 24.06 g/L in batch fermentation was achieved in a 5-L fermentor via the optimization of ...

Empirical attempts to measure the speed of convergence -the rate at which a country's per capita income approaches its steady state relative to its distance from its steady state -have started from the assumption that it is constant. In contrast, neoclassical models of capital accumulation usually predict that the speed of convergence decreases as income approaches its steady state. Estimating ...

The final stage of Bose-Einstein condensation in a large volume occurs through coarsening—growth of individual correlated patches. We present analytical arguments and numerical evidence that in the momentum space this growth corresponds to strong turbulence of the particle number, with a turbulent cascade towards the infrared and the power law n(k) ∝ k−(d+1) in d = 2, 3 spatial dimensions. As a...