A sea border provides trading opportunities for nations and enables participation in the world market and therefore economic growth. In this essay sea access is considered a significant limiting factor in the economic success of African countries. Research of this hypothesis illustrates a positive relationship between access to the sea and the economic success of African nations when Gross Nati...

by Donald E. Rigby* Blind and disabled Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients may work and continue to receive benefits under certain provisions of the program. For those persons the basic earned income exclusions of the program apply, l which recognize the costs associated with employment and assures that they will have a higher gross income when they work than if they do not. The law a...

OBJECTIVES To calculate cigarette affordability for a number of countries using different techniques and data, to investigate trends since 1990 and to assess the appropriateness of different measures of affordability. DESIGN Two existing measures were specified. Relative income price (RIP) uses per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the measure of income, while "minutes of labour" is base...

In recent times, many countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, have been left puzzled by their failure to improve nutritional outcomes despite prolonged periods of rapid economic growth, in some cases accompanied by rising incomes among the poor. The Tanzanian economy is one example of a country that failed to reap the benefits of sustained rapid growth. National gross ...

BACKGROUND Individual-level data are needed to optimize clinical care and monitor and evaluate HIV services. Confidentiality and security of such data must be safeguarded to avoid stigmatization and discrimination of people living with HIV. We set out to assess the extent that countries scaling up HIV services have developed and implemented guidelines to protect the confidentiality and security...

81 National Tax Journal Vol. LXI, No. 1 March 2008 Abstract Do income taxes levied at a state or regional level affect the after–tax distribution of income? Or do workers merely move between regions, causing pre–tax wages to adjust? Using the full income tax parameters for all U.S. states from 1977–2002, I create a “simulated tax redistribution index” that captures the mechanical impact of chan...

rice production in most of asian countries has been increased more rapidly than population and this has been led to increase in supply and proportionately decrease in the real price of rice in world and domestic markets. furthermore, together with growth in production and national gross income of the country per-capita income has been increased and also demand for rice at national and internati...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between income inequality and life expectancy in Italy and across wealthy nations. DESIGN AND SETTING Measure correlation between income inequality and life expectancy at birth within Italy and across the top 21 wealthy countries. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to study these relations. Multivariate linear regression was used to measure ...

Iraq is a country of about 31.7 million inhabitants. Although it is an oil producing country, it is considered in the low middle income group with a gross national income per capita of US$ 2,380. According to the new constitution approved by referendum in 2005, powers over the education system are shared between the central government in Bagdad and the established regions. Until now, the sole r...