An important step in farm planning is the development of a gross margin budget. A gross margin is calculated from a crop's gross income less the variable costs incurred in growing and marketing that crop. The gross margin indicates the potential financial gain or loss of the crop being produced. Gross margins are usually expressed in units related to resources such as land, labour or irrigation...

As a major source of income for retired persons in the United States, Social Security benefits directly influence economic well-being. That fact underscores the importance of measuring Social Security income accurately in household surveys. Using Social Security Administration (SSA) records, we examine Social Security income as reported in two Census Bureau surveys, the Survey of Income and Pro...

This paper uses newly available data from the IRS to assess the distributional consequences of U.S. federal income tax noncompliance for the tax year 2001. We fi nd that, when taxpayers are arrayed by their estimated “true” income, defi ned as reported income adjusted for underreporting, the ratio of aggregate misreported income to true income generally increases with income, although it peaks ...

BACKGROUND The prevalence and correlates of depression vary across countries. Contextual factors such as country-level income or income inequalities have been hypothesised to contribute to these differences. AIMS To investigate associations of depression with socioeconomic factors at the country level (income inequality, gross national income) and individual (education, employment, assets and...

This paper argues that income inequality has increased in several, but not all, developed countries over the last twenty years. The increase in some countries supports the conclusion that the deregulation of markets, resulting in the concentration of economic power, is the fundamental cause as well as the gross manifestation of inequality of both income and wealth. JEL classifi cation: D30 (Gen...

This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). Operational risk – Revisions to the simpler approaches iii Executive summary Introduction In the wake of the financial crisis, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has been reviewing the adequacy of the capital framework. The aim is not only to address the weaknesses that were revealed during the crisis, but also to reflect t...