Traffic Grooming has become a very important issue on optical Network, as optical networks provide a very high speed data transmission for huge amount of data. A Sparse grooming Network with only a fractional of nodes having grooming functionalities may achieve the same performance as the one in which all the nodes are grooming, but with much lower cost. In literature different algorithms, mode...

Sniffing is one-way animals collect chemical signals, and many males self-groom when they encounter the odor of opposite-sex conspecifics. We tested the hypothesis that sexual chemical signals from females can induce self-grooming behavior in male root voles (Microtus oeconomus Pallas). Specifically, we investigated the sniffing pattern of male root voles in response to odors from the head, tru...

Grooming interactions benefit groomers, but may have negative consequences for bystanders. Grooming limits bystanders' grooming access and ensuing alliances could threaten the bystander's hierarchy rank or their previous investment in the groomers. To gain a competitive advantage, bystanders could intervene into a grooming bout to increase their own grooming access or to prevent the negative im...

It has long been known that the intracerebroventricular administration of ACTH1-24 increases the duration of grooming episodes and the frequency of yawning in rats. The objective of this study was to investigate in what way these episodes are prolonged and whether and to what extent genotype influences such effects. We compared the effect of increasing doses of intracerebroventricular injection...

An instance I of Ring Grooming consists of m sets A1, A2, . . . , Am from the universe {0, 1, . . . , n − 1} and an integer g ≥ 2. The unrestricted variant of Ring Grooming, referred to as Unrestricted Ring Grooming, seeks a partition {P1, P2, . . . , Pk} of {1, 2, . . . , m} such that |Pi | ≤ g for each 1 ≤ i ≤ k and ∑k i=1 | ⋃ r∈Pi Ar | is minimized. The restricted variant of Ring Grooming, r...

Variations in maternal care have been widely considered as a critical influence in development. In the rat, variations in maternal behavior, particularly in licking/grooming, regulate the development of endocrine, emotional and cognitive responses to stress. These studies form the basis of a potentially useful model for the study of maternal effects in mammals. In this paper we provide a detail...

Evidence is presented that the reciprocal exchange of social services among chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) rests on cognitive abilities that allow current behavior to be contingent upon a history of interaction. Food sharing within a captive colony of chimpanzees was studied by means of 200 food trials, conducted on separate days over a 3-year period, in which 6,972 approaches occurred among the...

Traffic grooming continues to be a rich area of research in the context of WDM optical networks. We provide an overview of the optical and electronic grooming techniques available with focus on IP as the client layer. We discuss the various architectural alternatives available : peer, overlay and augmented models. We first provide a survey on the research work in the area of traffic grooming in...

Minimizing the number of add-drop multiplexers (ADMs) in a unidirectional SONET ring can be formulated as a graph decomposition problem. When traffic requirements are uniform and all-to-all, groomings that minimize the number of ADMs (equivalently, the drop cost) have been characterized for grooming ratio at most six. However, when two different traffic requirements are supported, these solutio...