In this study, we offer a general view at the area of fuzzy modeling and fuzzymodels, identify the visible development phases and elaborate on a new and promisingdirections of system modeling by introducing a concept of granular models. Granularmodels, especially granular fuzzy models constitute an important generalization of existingfuzzy models and, in contrast to the existing models, generat...

When a rod is vertically withdrawn from granular layer, oblique force chains can be developed by effective shearing. In this study, the force-chain structure in rod-withdrawn layer was experimentally investigated using photoelastic technique. The two-dimensional consisting of bidisperse disks. During withdrawal, development process visualized effect. By systematic analysis images, chain structu...