Verbs fall into a variety of semantic classes. In particular, change of state verbs express events where an “affected” grammatical object undergoes a change of state. Properties of the object as expressed by adjectival modification hold true at the start of the event. The problem of determining if such properties are preserved at event culmination is a sub-case of the well-studied Frame Problem...

We present experiments using a new unsupervised approach to automatic text simplification, which builds on sampling and ranking via a loss function informed by readability research. The main idea is that a loss function can distinguish good simplification candidates among randomly sampled sub-sentences of the input sentence. Our approach is rated as equally grammatical and beginner reader appro...

We analyze the frequency–rank relationship in sub-vocabularies corresponding to three different grammatical classes (nouns, verbs, and others) a collection of literary works English, whose words have been automatically tagged according their role. Comparing with null hypothesis which assumes that belonging each class are uniformly distributed across frequency–ranked vocabulary whole work, we di...

This study investigated the effects of planned focus-on-form instruction (pFFI) on developing oral grammatical accuracy in Iranian English EFL learners. To this end, 60 lower-intermediate EFL learners studying English in a private English language institute in Tehran, Iran, were randomly assigned to two classes. Both classes received a task-based instruction on grammatical points elicited in or...

language, science and politics go together and learning these genres is to learn a language created for codifying, extending and transmitting scientific and political knowledge. grammatical metaphor is divided into two broad areas: ideational and interpersonal.this paper focuses on the first type i.e. ideational grammatical metaphor (igm), which includes process types and nominalization.  the m...

English speaking skills are important in global communication and interaction. To speak effectively at an acceptable level for a non-native speaker, various sub-skills considered such as lexical resources, grammatical structures, pronunciation, rhythm, intonation, the like. Nevertheless, vast number of remote learners Ho Chi Minh City Open University (HCMCOU) seemed to struggle representing the...

second language  learners often develop grammatical competence in the absence of concomitant pragmatic competence (kasper & roever, 2005) and the exact nature of the relationship between the two competences is still indistinct and in need of inquiries ( bardovi-harlig, 1999; khatib & ahmadisafa, 2011). this study is a partial attempt to address the lacuna and aims to see if any relation...

It is generally assumed that speakers of grammatical gender languages consider grammatical gender arbitrary, but this assumption has never been tested. Research shows that the grammatical gender of nouns can affect perceptions of the masculinity or femininity of the noun's referent in speakers of languages with masculine and feminine noun classes. However, bilingualism facilitates the developme...

If word strings violate grammatical rules, they elicit neurophysiological brain responses commonly attributed to a specifically human language processor or grammar module. However, an ungrammatical string of words is always also a very rare sequence of events and it is, therefore, not always evident whether specifically linguistic processes are at work when neurophysiological grammar indexes ar...