AbstractGrammatical Evolution (GE) is one of the most popular Genetic Programming (GP) variants, and it has been used with success in several problem domains. Since original proposal, many enhancements have proposed to GE order address some its main issues improve performance.In this paper we propose Probabilistic Grammatical (PGE), which introduces a new genotypic representation mapping mechan...

The debate between empiricism and nativism goes back to the very beginning of philosophy. More recently, the nature of linguistic structure has been the focus of discussion in the field of psycholinguistics. The poverty of stimulus argument for innateness of syntactic knowledge (Chomsky, 1980; Crain & Pietroski, 2001) is one of the most famous and controversial arguments in the study of languag...

undoubtedly the holy quran is a unique book in arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. its words are a pure collection of arabic literature. all poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. it is a permanent treasure of arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. it kept the arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. it also conta...

Disputes are an inevitable event in all facets of life and in the same vein it permeates society, from family quarrels to multinational corporate clashes. The dynamics of today society which revolve around competition, misunderstandings, wrongful termination of contracts, product liability and hostility among communities have contributed greatly to the endemic nature of dispute in our society. ...

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In this paper, we report early lessons learned from a new project to understand how Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) can improve efficiency, effectiveness and fairness in Government dispute resolution and how ODR systems can gain acceptance.

Introduction: Law enforcement and protection for cyber cases is focused on the of victims consisting physical or psychological violence, retaliation, humiliation, mistreatment people who commit crimes, sophistication media makes often involved with crimes. Where focus this paper discusses alternative dispute resolution.Purposes Research: The purpose study to explain concept resolution by using ...