admits that it cannot be demonstrated or otherwise justified. But, he maintains, such justification is not necessary. “I do not know how WE know that things are as they are because they were as they were. But WE do know it.” The last five authors quoted are at one in asserting an alleged law of causation which turns out to be simply Kant’s mule. None of them has troubled to ask, any more than K...

The most authoritative description of the morphophonemic rules that apply at word boundaries (external sandhi) in Sanskrit is by the great grammarian Pān. ini (fl. 5th c. B. C. E.). These rules are stated formally in Pān. ini’s grammar, the As. t .ādhyāyı̄ ‘group of eight chapters’. The present paper summarizes Pān. ini’s handling of sandhi, his notational conventions, and formal properties of h...

The most authoritative description of the morphophonemic rules that apply at word boundaries (external sandhi) in Sanskrit is by the great grammarian Pān. ini (fl. 5th c. B. C. E.). These rules are stated formally in Pān. ini’s grammar, the As. t .ādhyāyı̄ ‘group of eight chapters’. The present paper summarizes Pān. ini’s handling of sandhi, his notational conventions, and formal properties of h...

Paraphrasing the context from Sir William Gowers, Dr Alajouanine (Fig. 1) declares his subject as lying within the ‘borderlands of aphasia’—specifically the effects of aphasia on three individuals, known to him professionally, each having considerable pre-morbid artistic ability in writing, music or painting, respectively. He considers whether comparisons of their work before and after the onse...

‘Knowledge’ doesn’t correctly describe our relation to linguistic rules. It is too thick a notion (for example, we don’t believe linguistic rules). On the other hand, ‘cognize’, without further elaboration, is too thin a notion, which is to say that it is too thin to play a role in a competence theory. One advantage of the term ‘knowledge’—and presumably Chomsky’s original motivation for using ...

Pāṇini’s fourth (?) century BCE Sanskrit grammar uses rewrite rules guided by an explicit and formal metalanguage. The metalanguage makes extensive use of auxiliary markers, in the form of Sanskrit phonemes, to control grammatical derivations. The method of auxiliary markers was rediscovered by Emil Post in the 1920s and shown capable of representing universal computation. The same potential co...

The LinGO Redwoods initiative is a seed activity in the design and development of a new type of treebank. While several mediumto large-scale treebanks exist for English (and for other major languages), pre-existing publicly available resources exhibit the following limitations: (i) annotation is mono-stratal, either encoding topological (phrase structure) or tectogrammatical (dependency) inform...

The term "Ur-emotion" is proposed as a name for abstract structures, essences, or underlying structures of emotion that can be perceived across cultures and species. The “Ur-“ prefix is borrowed from the German on analogy to similar borrowings in textual criticism and musicology. Unlike the term “basic emotion,” the proposed term “Ur-emotion” does not suggest an actual occurring emotional state...

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the role of referential continuity in understanding discourse. In experiment I, a group of university students listened to s?ories and descriptive passages presented in three different versions: the original passages, versions in which trCze sentences occurred in a random order, and randomised versions in which referential continuity had been rest...

Ancient Greek clusters of nasal (N) plus voiceless unaspirated (T) or voiced stop (D), merged to ND in Middle Greek, yielding ND or D in different modern dialects. Impressionistic studies suggest that currently there is stylistic variation between D and ND in all dialects, with ND as the high variant. Our study reveals that age, not style, is the most important factor in ND/D variation, with sp...