Abstract The second-century philosopher Celsus disparaged Christians who “alter the original text of Gospel three or four many times” ( Cels. 2.27). Scholars have understood this passage as a critique multiple distinct Gospels, but Celsus’ invective is better explained by comparison with elite polemics (e.g., Gellius, Lucian, Galen) against readers lack discernment and arbitrarily alter manuscr...

On the material of texts spiritual writer B. I. Gladkov, features implementation speech genre “interpretation Gospel” are considered. The specificity embodiment ideas Orthodoxy is indicated. Significant functioning religions and tropes in presented revealed. Conclusions drawn about its distinctive features. Particular attention paid to typology Christian religions, use which considered as one c...

Abstract Biblical interpreters have long wrestled with the vicious anti-Jewish rhetoric of John’s gospel including, mostly famously, when Jesus calls Jews “children devil” (8:44). Post-Shoah, is even more horrifying. This article seeks to highlight use John 8:44 and other from in children’s literature Nazi Germany. The books under consideration show a progression advocating for forced displacem...