Almost all natural surfaces exhibit an individual anisotropic reflectance characteristic due to contrasting optical properties of surface elements and background as well as an uneven distribution of illuminated and shadowed areas. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function BRDF is a basic quantity which describes the reflectance characteristic. Many applications, such as BRDF correctio...

BACKGROUND Even though technological progress has provided us with more and more sophisticated equipment for making goniometric measurements, the most commonly used clinical tools are still the universal goniometer and, to a lesser extent, the inclinometer. There is, however, no published study so far that uses an inclinometer for measurements in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The objective...

In this study we present a hyperspectral flying goniometer system, based on a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a spectrometer mounted on an active gimbal. We show that this approach may be used to collect multiangular hyperspectral data over vegetated environments. The pointing and positioning accuracy are assessed using structure from motion and vary from σ = 1° to 8° in...

We studied the between-therapist reliability and the validity of four instruments in measuring lumbar spine curvature and pelvic tilt. The four instruments and their measurements were 1) a tape measure to measure the change in lumbar curvature during trunk flexion; 2) a gravity goniometer to measure pelvic angle and lumbar curvature during stance, trunk flexion, and trunk extension; 3) a parall...

Field and laboratory goniometers are widely used in the remote sensing community to assess spectrodirectional reflectance properties of selected targets. Even when the same target and goniometer system are used, field and laboratory results cannot directly be compared due to inherent differences, mainly in the illumination conditions: typically goniometers measure a hemispherical-conical reflec...

ARl Applied Research Laboratories announce their new XRD system, the Scintag X'TRA. The Scintag X'TRA offers solution for high-quality powder diffraction applications in the areas of academic research, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, semiconductors, thin ®lms, metals and minerals. Built around a vertical ± goniometer, this instrument offers convenient geometry for handling powder samples ...