One of the important stages in the implementation of a GIS is referred to preparation of data to be entered to the system. To produce spatial data for entering to GIS using photogrammetric techniques, common and current method is to utilize photogrammetric and GIS systems individually (off-line procedure). Preparing spatial data on the basis of the mentioned method has a lot of problems, such a...

The application of information technology to landscape analysis dates back to the early work in computer-based mapping. Indeed, much of the early development of what became geographic information systems (GIS) and three-dimensional landscape simulation was undertaken by landscape architects. Mapping of viewsheds quickly became a key element of the landscape-planning process. The process was app...

BACKGROUND It has been noted that many bacterial virulence factor genes are located within genomic islands (GIs; clusters of genes in a prokaryotic genome of probable horizontal origin). However, such studies have been limited to single genera or isolated observations. We have performed the first large-scale analysis of multiple diverse pathogens to examine this association. We additionally ide...

Is GIS a tool or a science? The question is clearly important in the day-to-day operations of geography departments. Departments need to know if GIS is a tool that should be taught at the undergraduate level, or a science and thus a legitimate research specialty of faculty and graduate students. We summarize the debate on this question that was conducted on GIS-L electronic listserver in late 1...

Essential genes are thought to encode proteins that carry out the basic functions to sustain a cellular life, and genomic islands (GIs) usually contain clusters of horizontally transferred genes. It has been assumed that essential genes are not likely to be located in GIs, but systematical analysis of essential genes in GIs has not been explored before. Here, we have analyzed the essential gene...

This paper presents a study on the feasibility, mechanisms and key technology for integrating GIS and OA in the Browser/Server (B/S) architecture, on the basis of a comparative analysis of the independent development model and the integrated development model of GIS and OA. Presently, the development of GIS and OA is mainly based on the two models: Mainframe-Terminal (M -T) model upon stand-alo...

A GIS (Geographic Information System), is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographically referenced data. In other words, GIS is the merging of statistical analysis, database technology and cartography that can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. But despite all these advantages, geographic information system...

Spatial decision support is an important research area of spatial information science and should be an integrated function offered by GIS (Geographical Information System) software. It has been proved that many spatial problems are semior ill-structured and cannot be solved by traditional GIS that has no domain knowledge support. It is highly desired to include the theory of knowledge managemen...