Using local materials to construct building elements as well transport road facilities, including highways, intercity roads, and in remote areas is a top topic of scholarly research all over the world. The main reason for that fact these kinds not only ease intensity material transportation but are also cost-efficient. In desert areas, aeolian sand commonly used it has been investigated unbound...

Cement production is one of the most important industries on planet, and humans have relied use dating back to dawn civilization. manufacturing has increased at an exponential rate, reaching 3 billion metric tons in 2015, representing a 6.3% annual growth rate accounting for around 5–8% global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Geopolymer materials, which are inorganic polymers made from wide rang...

There has been a significant movement in the past decades to develop alternative sustainable building material such as geopolymer cement/concrete control CO2 emission. Industrial waste contains pozzolanic minerals that fulfil requirements alumino-silicate based geopolymer. For example, industrial red mud, fly ash, GBFS/GGBS (granulated blast furnace slag/ground granulated slag), rice husk ash (...

Coal ash is the main waste from power plant. It is estimated that the consumption of the coal for power plant will increase to 240 million tons each year and the coal ash wastes will produce more than 2 million tons per year. Although the utilization of coal fly ash can be reached 74.1%, large amount of coal fly ash and bottom ash still cannot be utilized. The purpose of this research is to dev...

The pore characteristics of geopolymer foam concretes (GFCs) manufactured in the laboratory with 0–16% foam additions were examined using image analysis (IA) and vacuum water saturation techniques. The pore size distribution, pore shape, and porosity were obtained. The IA method provides a suitable approach to obtain the information of large pores, which are more important in affecting the comp...

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of including silt, a by-product limestone aggregate production, as filler in geopolymer cement. Two separate phases were planned: The first phase aimed determine optimum calcination conditions waste silt obtained from Società Azionaria Prodotti Asfaltico Bituminosi Affini (S.A.P.A.B.A. s.r.l.). A Design Experiment (DOE) was produced, and raw calcin...