Cholangiocarcinomas are biliary tree neoplasms of cholangiocyte origin. Several clinical risk factors are associated with cholangiocarcinogenesis. During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the causative molecular mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma because of its poor prognosis and the lack of effective therapies. A better understanding of cholangiocarcinoma tumor initiation...

Chromosomal translocations are a hallmark of lymphoid tumours. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumour of the plasma cell, the terminally differentiated B lymphoid cell. In recent years, a large number of chromosomal and genetic abnormalities have been detected in myeloma, the most prominent being chromosome 13q deletions and translocations affecting the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus on chro...

Chromosomal abnormalities are frequent events. Globally, at least 7.6 million children are born annually with severe genetic or congenital malformations. Precise prevalence data are difficult to collect, especially in India, owing to great diversity of conditions and also because many cases remain undiagnosed. Genetic and congenital abnormality is the second most common cause of infant and chil...