As a measure of rationalization in the Ottoman central chancery after Eğri campaign 1596, forty imperial council secretaries (divan-ı hümayun katipleri) were granted permanent exemption from service required by their status as zeamet-holders. An archive register, KK 7530, lists these holders ‘a position one 40’ (kırklı gedikliler) and names 29 others who succeeded to vacancies this group betwee...

OBJECTIVE To ascertain attitudes to different methods of obtaining informed consent for randomised clinical trials (RCTs). DESIGN Structured interviews with members of the public, medical secretaries and medical students. SETTING The public were approached in a variety of public places. Medical secretaries and students were approached in their place of work. SUBJECTS Fifty members of the ...

This paper uses China’s 2010-2018 city-level panel data and the annual average PM2.5 concentration processed by ArcGIS software LASSO regression model to empirically analyze impact of local officials’ characteristics environmental governance performance. The results show that younger officials, municipal party committee secretaries who graduated from ordinary colleges universities, have been va...

S1 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Research into Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida Hugh Richards and Deborah Sival Honorary Publication Secretaries, SRHSB Neurosurgery Unit, Box 167, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands E-mail: hkr10@m...

Negative campaigning presents parties with a collective action problem. While parties would prefer to have their competitors attacked, potential backlash effects from negative messages mean that individual politicians typically lack the incentives to carry out such attacks. We theorize that parties solve this problem by implementing a division of labour that takes into account the incentives of...

We agree that much communication can be done directly by doctors, but Spence underestimates the role that medical secretaries play.Consultants’ secretaries are not merely typists and diary managers. They can play a key role in helping patients navigate the complex bureaucracy of the NHS. Recent interviews that we conducted on patient experience of cancer care underline this important role. Pati...

BACKGROUND Although health care reforms may improve efficiency at the macro level, less is known regarding their effects on the utilization of health care personnel. Following the 2002 Norwegian hospital reform, we studied the productivity of the physician workforce and the effect of personnel mix on this measure in all nineteen Norwegian hospitals from 2001 to 2013. METHODS We used panel ana...

Objectives: To discover the perceived size of pool of doctors considered to be underperforming in general practice in the Northern Deanery and to discover whether these perceptions are based on formal assessments. Design: Postal questionnaire. Setting: Area covered by the Northern Deanery. Subjects: Seven health authority directors of primary care, seven secretaries of local medical committees,...

BACKGROUND Like other sectors, the healthcare sector has to deal with the issue of users' acceptance of IT. In healthcare, different factors affecting healthcare professionals' acceptance of software applications have been investigated. Unfortunately, inconsistent results have been found, maybe because the different studies focused on different IT and occupational groups. Consequently, more stu...