Objective: Different categories are available for estimating of radiation dose. Radioisotopes with the same energy and almost the same physical properties have similar effects. Monte Carlo technique is a computerized method based on mathematical simulation of physical processes. The main purpose of this study is to show that beta particles are not able to penetrate deep into the water. also dif...

moving towards nanometer scales, quantum-dot cellular automata (qca) technology emerged as a novel solution, which can be a suitable replacement for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (cmos) technology. the 3-input majority function and inverter gate are fundamental gates in the qca technology, which all logical functions are produced based on them. like cmos technology, making the basic c...

This paper is based on analysis of a common source - common gate low noise transconductance amplifier (CS-CG LNTA). Conventional noise analyses equations are modified by considering to the low output impedance of the sub-micron transistors and also, parasitic gate-source capacitance. The calculated equations are more accurate than calculated equations in other works. Also, analyses show that th...

In this work, the design and analysis of new Level Shifter with Gate Driver for Li-Ion battery charger is proposed for high speed and low area in 180nm CMOS technology. The new proposed level shifter is used to raise the voltage level and significantly reduces transfer delay 1.3ns (transfer delay of conventional level shifter) to 0.15ns with the same input signal. Also, the level shifter with g...

The p-n junction cannot be implemented at the nanoscale because the doping is very often a detrimental effect. The doping could change dramatically the properties of a nanomaterial such as graphene or single-walled carbon nanotubes. Therefore, we will present two graphene diodes without a p-n junction. The first is based on the dissimilar metals having workfunction below and above the graphene ...

quantum-dot cellular automaton (qca) is a novel nanotechnology with a very different computational method in compared with cmos, whereas placement of electrons in cells indicates digital information. this nanotechnology with specifications such as fast speed, high parallel processing, small area, low power consumption and higher switching frequency becomes a promising candidate for cmos technol...

flow regime in dam's bottom outlet is divided in pressurized flow and free surface flow by the gate located for discharge control. down stream tunnel involves high velocity multi component air –water flow studied by mathematical model. in this research work, we used finite volume mixture two phase flow model. because of high reynolds number, standard two equations k-e turbulence model was ...

Boron and nitrogen doped graphenes are highly promising materials for electrochemical applications, such as energy storage, generation and sensing. The doped graphenes can be prepared by a broad variety of chemical approaches. The substitution of a carbon atom should induce n-type behavior in the case of nitrogen and p-type behavior in the case of boron-doped graphene; however, the real situati...