background: welding is one of the most exercised industrial processes which welders are exposed to chemical and physical hazardous agents. this study was conducted to evaluate occupational and environmental exposures to aerosols generated by welding processes in a factory. methods: a total of 28 samples of aerosols were collected at 4 different locations including indoor, outdoor, source of wel...

Buried pipeline systems are commonly used to transport water, sewage, oil, natural gas and other materials. In the conterminous United States, there are about 77,109 km (47,924 miles) of crude oil pipelines, 85,461 km (53,114 miles) of refined oil pipelines and 67,898 km (42,199 miles) of natural gas pipelines (FEMA, 1991). The total length of water and sewage pipelines is not readily available...

Predictions of the gas temperature and pressure profiles are vital to the design and operation of gas transmission lines. Available analytical methods for the calculation of these profiles are evaluated and a numerical framework for the rigorous calculation has been developed. The predictions from both the analytical and numerical procedure have been compared to field data from the Iranian Gas ...

Pipelines have been acknowledged as the most reliable, economic and efficient means for the transportation of gas and other commercial fluids such as oil and water. The designation of pipeline system as “lifelines” signifies that their operation is essential in maintaining the public safety and well being. A pipeline transmission system is a linear system which traverses a large geographical ar...

OBJECTIVES The respiratory effects of exposure to welding fumes have been investigated in numerous studies; but results of these studies have not been consistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the respiratory effects of welding exposure in a large group of manual are welders exposed primarily to mild steel welding processes in confined spaces without respiratory protection. ...

Abstract There was a west-east gas transmission pipeline nearby the Yanmenguan DC grounding electrode. In order to assess electromagnetic interference of electrode on pipeline, an simulation model established. The earth potential analyzed. effects insulation layers and joints were investigated. It can provide theorical support for pratical operation pipelines.

BACKGROUND Welders exposure to nickel and hexavalent chromium in welding fumes is associated with increase of cancer risk in welders. In this study we calculated cancer risk due to exposure to these compounds in welders. METHODS The role of exposure parameters in welders on derived incremental lifetime cancer risk were determined by stochastic modeling of cancer risk. Input parameters were de...

Introduction: The safety of the Unites States’ natural gas supply is of prime importance since 30% of the energy produced in the country is derived from it. Natural gas is supplied through a million miles of vast pipeline network [1]. Pipeline companies have an impressive safety record due to the proactive role of standards and inspection of pipelines. Since the pipelines are getting old, there...

This paper will provide an overview of a patented acoustic technique known as Acoustek ® that has been developed to detect features, such as blockages and leakages in gas pipelines. The technique involves injecting an acoustic, or pressure pulse into the gas within the pipeline. This acoustic pulse will travel as a plane wave along the pipeline and will be partially reflected wherever there is ...