Following a strict, extensive, and judicious review, it has become clear that the paper by Nakasone et al deviates from the ethical standard of authorship. Therefore, the Editor-in-Chief, Hiroyuki Nishiyama, has agreed to fully retract this paper from publication and from the published record.

In 1933, Meleney clearly distinguished 'streptococcal' gangrene from postoperative synergistic gangrene in a classical description. In modern surgical practice (Ledingham and Tehrani, 1975), necrotizing fasciitis is considered a more applicable term for 'streptococcal' gangrene in both descriptive and aetiological terms. There are a number of reports indicating that postoperative synergistic ga...

Venous gangrene (VG) is defined as a clinical triad of skin necrosis and discolouration, documented evidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and presence of palpable or doppler-identifiable arterial pulsation. Venous gangrene is rare condition which is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. The pathogenesis of VG is multifactorial and could paradoxically be due to warfarin treatment...

Fournier's gangrene is a necrotizing, life-threatening fasciitis of the perineal, genital and perianal region which can spread to the abdominal wall, causing soft-tissue necrosis and sepsis. It is usually a polymicrobial infection. The prevalence of the disease is low, but the mortality rate remains high. Several urogenital and anorectal diseases, as well as diabetes mellitus and conditions ass...

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to compare the outcome of patients presenting with heel ulcers or gangrene (HEEL group) with those having lesions in other parts of the foot (non-HEEL group). METHODS Treatment and outcomes of all HEEL and non-HEEL patients between June 2001 and October 2006 were compared. RESULTS Three hundred eight patients were treated (71 HEEL and 237 non-HEEL)...

GANGRENE and eyanosis of an extremity, due to thrombophlebitis with massive venous occlusions, is an uncommon condition and is often confused with primary arterial oeclusive disease. With massive venous occlusion and the associated arterial venospasm the blood flow may be so impeded to an extremity that cyanosis and eventually gangrene may occur. The recognition of this is important, since this...

BACKGROUND Symmetrical peripheral gangrene is usually associated with underlying medical problems and it is seldom seen in pregnancy. Sepsis though common in a setting of delivery by unskilled midwife is rarely accompanied by symmetrical gangrene. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of symmetrical peripheral gangrene which occurred in the winter, triggered possibly by sepsis and a single dose ...

Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is an uncommon but devastating complication in critically ill patients with a high mortality. It is seen in a wide variety of medical conditions, presenting as symmetrical gangrene of two or more extremities without large vessel obstruction. We hereby report a 65-year-old woman diagnosed of having E. coli bacteremia with urosepsis, who presented with acute ...

BACKGROUND Fourniers gangrene caused by synergic aerobic and anaerobic organism is a life threatening disorder. METHODS The medical records of 8 among 839 patients admitted to imam ali general hospital Zahedan university of Medical Sciences with fourniers gangrene during the 10 months period between 2012 and 2013 were reviewed. RESULTS The most common etiology and presentation were abscess ...

Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of the fatal disease gas gangrene (myonecrosis). Established gas gangrene is notable for a profound absence of neutrophils and monocytic cells (phagocytes), and it has been suggested that the bactericidal activities of these cells play an insignificant role in controlling the progression of the infection. However, large inocula of bacteria are needed to...