BACKGROUND Historically, merchant seafaring was the most hazardous occupation in Britain. However, fatal accident rates have fallen sharply in the last 30 years. AIMS To establish the causes of all fatal accidents and their trends among seafarers who were employed in UK merchant shipping from 1919 to 2005 and to compare with those in the general workforce and in other industries. METHODS A ...

Standard auction theory predicts that shipping cost, which along with the minimum starting bid comprise the effective reserve of an auction, should have the same effect on auction outcomes as the starting bid. However, previous research indicates that bidders do not fully incorporate shipping cost when bidding. To examine the effects of shipping cost on eBay auctions, we look at completed aucti...

This study formulates a two-objective model to determine the optimal liner routing, ship size, and sailing frequency for container carriers by minimizing shipping costs and inventory costs. First, shipping and inventory cost functions are formulated using an analytical method. Then, based on a trade-off between shipping costs and inventory costs, Pareto optimal solutions of the twoobjective mod...

Considering the complication of shipping techniques, high mobility of cargoes and poor condition and uncertainty during the voyage, there are numerous risks in the transportation process. With the burgeoning of shipping volumes, the occurrence of accidents and disruptive events could bring huge losses. Despite of regulatory control such as the establishment of International Safety Management (I...

BACKGROUND The British merchant fleet has expanded in recent years but it is not known whether this expansion has led to proportionate changes in mortality. AIMS To investigate mortality from accidents and injuries in British merchant shipping, to determine whether this has increased in recent years, to compare fatal accident rates across British industries and to review fatal accident rates ...

Significant quantities of carbon soot aerosols are emitted into pristine parts of the atmosphere by marine shipping. Soot impacts the radiative balance of the Earth-atmosphere system by absorbing solar-terrestrial radiation and modifies the microphysical properties of clouds. Here we examined the impact of black carbon (BC) on net warming during monsoon season over southern Bay-of-Bengal, using...

Despite its connection with relationship satisfaction, research on physical affection is scarce and fails to disentangle private and public displays of affection. It is important to examine both types if marginalized couples are less comfortable displaying affection publicly. The present study examined whether same-sex couples display less public (but not private) physical affection than differ...

This study tests the postulate that the cultural differences in age-related relationship orientation are moderated by values. The sample included 268 European Americans and 268 Chinese Americans, aged 20–90 years. Age positively correlated with relationship orientation (Ren Qing) among Chinese Americans but not among European Americans. However, values moderated these age differences. The assoc...

Abstract The increase of water shipping density, coupled with the increasing complexity waterway, ship's intelligent collision avoidance system plays a pivotal role in transportation safety shipping. Therefore, it has gradually become focus traffic research. In recent years, China is still facing period great development navigation technology, safety, green, digital, will trend. Although waterw...