In Russia’s foreign policy, the central direction taken after September 11, 2001, was close cooperative relationship with both the U.S. and Europe. However, Vladimir Putin’s second term in office continues to be fraud with western complaints about his neo-authoritarianism and declining significance of democratic institutions in Russia. These voices are multiple with some U.S.-based organization...

This paper seeks to understand the role of the Internet and information and communications technology (ICT) in potential democratic movements. We propose an ecological model of technological development and democratization which recognizes that change can occur (1) at individual as well as social levels; (2) on a continuum from oppression to freedom; and (3) in multiple social spheres. Using ca...

The paper analyzes John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly’s endeavours to design, sell, and build the revolutionary new technology of the first large, commercial computers. It discusses how Eckert and Mauchly’s conceptualization of the computer grew out of their ENIAC and EDVAC projects at University of Pennsylvania. They incorporated their own business to gain profit from production and ...

The ever-growing implementation of information technologies in healthcare and medicine, especially the developments of electronic medical records (EMR) and the connection of clinical data bases, as well as the freedom these systems offer in relation to their usage force the development of new policy and security procedures for protection the privacy and confidentiality of medical data. As more ...

Since 1954, American churches have faced a difficult decision: either say nothing about the moral issues that drive their religion or face losing their tax-exempt status. This fundamentally unsound choice falls down upon them due to an Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") regulation that prohibits religious organizations from commenting on the moral attributes of a candidate for political office.1 ...

the present article studies the quran's view on free will and freedom. some related issues discussed here are: (1) human freedom is the basis of the creation; (2) respecting human freedom is the basis of the prophet's invitation of the people to islam; (3) political freedom is the foundation of forming political societies, and so on. with reference to the quranic verses and moslem sch...

In the early and mid-twentieth century, the United States confronted a shadowy enemy. There were fears that the nation had been, or might be, infiltrated by covert agents of a foreign power, that the U.S. was faced with “tightly organized, highly disciplined, international revolutionary . . . organization[s]” capable of working against American interests from within the United States itself.1 M...

ownership and freedom are two essential rights and of value to human beings. by contrast to preliminary reviews, the link between these two values is very solid, and they have a reciprocal relation.not only can they serve as the foundation of each other, but also in case of departing this equilibrium, each can have a negative effect on the other. the relationship between the two is the subject ...