Predictive models have been used extensively to assess the likely effectiveness of vaccination policies as part of control measures in the event of a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak. However, the availability of vaccine stocks and the impact of vaccine availability on disease control strategies represent a key uncertainty when assessing potential control strategies. Using an epidemiologic...

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus and causing acute febrile illness disease in cattle water buffalo. Foot-and-mouth (FMD) a highly infectious viral of mammals has great potential for severe economic loss susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. FMD BEF vaccines are widely used countries where both diseases seen together. This study was carried out to determine the i...

BACKGROUND Concerns regarding the safety of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine have been raised since it is produced from cultured live FMD virus (FMDV). To overcome this issue, recombinant protein has been studied as an alternative vaccine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We designed a chimerical multi-epitope recombinant protein (5BT), which is comprised of tandem repeats of five B cel...

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. Recent FMD outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. This review describes the reemergence of FMD in developed count...

The historical background of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine production is briefly described. Improvements achieved through the use of monolayer and suspension cultures are outlined. Elements that are crucial in the production of modern vaccines are discussed, such as inactivation of viral antigen, successive concentration and purification of the antigen and the final formulation of the va...

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) control is a national regional responsibility. FMD outbreaks were detected in three farms Port-Said Governorate 2020, although animals these vaccinated with the local polyvalent inactivated vaccine. Samples from tongue epithelium vesicular fluid collected farms, where FMDV isolation was performed on BHK-21 cell culture. Viral RNA extracted virus isolates, vaccine st...

We investigated to what extent maternally derived antibodies interfere with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination in order to determine the factors that influence the correct vaccination for piglets. Groups of piglets with maternally derived antibodies were vaccinated at different time points following birth, and the antibody titers to FMD virus (FMDV) were measured using virus neutralizatio...

The present study reports kinetics of anti-P. multocida antibody (Ab) response at monthly intervals in Murrah buffaloes different age groups vaccinated against combined Foot-and-mouth disease+haemorrhagic septicaemia (FMD+HS) vaccine. A total 60 three having 20 animals each: calves, heifers and adults were used to monitor Ab using single dilution indirect ELISA. percentage adult protected found...

The author presents reports of foot and mouth disease (FMD) submitted between 1996 and 2001 to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE: World organisation for animal health) Sub-Commission for FMD in South-East Asia. Of the ten countries in South-East Asia, FMD is endemic in seven (Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) and three are free of the disease (...

Introduction: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype A is endemic in Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey, while sporadic outbreaks occur in the southern Middle Eastern countries. Periodically new genetic lineages appear to spread in a westward direction from Iran into Turkey, the best known event being the spread of the A22 strain throughout the Middle East from 1964 onwards. The precise orig...