Turbine blades with controlled textures such as directionally solidified and single crystal structures have proven to have much improved ductility and longer thermal and fatigue life. It has been further reported that the benefits of single-crystal over conventionally cast as well as directionally solidified components critically depend on avoiding the introduction of defects, such as stray gra...

Melanin is one of the most important pigments which exist ubiquitously from microorganisms to plants and animals. It is secreted by melanocyte cells and determines the color of skin and hair in mammalians. It protects the skin from photocarcinogenesis by absorbing UV sunlight and removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Gupta, 2006; Kim, 2005; Sapkota, 2011). It is formed by enzymatically cataly...

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genetic disease characterised by defective DNA repair leading to clinical and cellular hypersensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. The oculocutaneous features of 10 patients with XP were studied retrospectively. General features included parental consanguinity (40%), familiarity (60%), onset of symptoms in first 2 years (50%), malignant skin neoplasms (60%), ...

Background: Continual exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation damages skin. Freckles are little brown patches that develop on skin after repeated sun exposure. Terminalia chebula and Cucumber Sativus extracts-infused water in oil (W/O) emulsion is created, has anti-freckle emollient effect. Methodology: Base with no extract formulation containing three different concentrations 4% of Chebula...

N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) has been considered a target for the treatment of human diseases such as cancer and laminopathies; however, its functional role in the biology of melanocytes is questionable. Using a small molecule or small interfering RNA targeting NAT10, we examined the effect of NAT10 inhibition on melanogenesis and melanoma growth in human and mouse melanoma cells. Genetic sil...

von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (VRNF) is one of the most common inherited disorders affecting the human nervous system. VRNF is transmitted as an autosomal dominant defect with high penetrance but variable expressivity. The disorder is characterized clinically by hyperpigmented patches of skin (café au lait macules, axillary freckles) and by multiple tumors of peripheral nerve, spinal ner...

A 28-year-old woman presented with complaints of severe buttock pain exacerbating for 2 weeks. Physical examination found numerous café-au-lait macules and axillary freckles. Neurological examination revealed sensory loss at the S3-S5 dermatome and significant vesicorectal dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhanced intraspinal mass at S1-S2, with bony erosion on the dorsal asp...

The presence of grain boundaries in single crystal castings is intolerable owing to the detrimental impact on creep and fatigue behaviour. Whilst the origins of many defects such as freckles have been understood since the 1970s, other defects such as slivers, or indeed the small mosaicity observed in many castings have eluded comprehensive treatments. In the present work, in situ X-ray imaging ...