We develop an analysis of complex systems in terms of statistical correlations between the dynamics of its subsystems as a formal framework within which to understand processes of system differentiation.

The obvious starting point for investigating meaning is the analysis of natural languages and their usage. Even from ancient times, examination of reasoning expressed in natural language revealed that patterns of valid inference often follow certain patterns. Moreover, these can be expressed as formal rules that are idealisations of actual natural language arguments (e.g. Aristotle’s syllogisms...

objective: the aim of this study is to explore the confirmatory factor analysis results of the persian adaptation of statistics anxiety measure (sam), proposed by earp. method: the validity and reliability assessments of the scale were performed on 298 college students chosen randomly from tabriz university in iran. confirmatory factor analysis (cfa) was carried out to determine the factor stru...

Researchers sometimes use informal judgment for statistical model diagnostics and assumption checking. Informal might seem more desirable than formal because of a paradox: Formal hypothesis tests assumptions appear to become less useful as sample size increases. We suggest that this paradox can be resolved by evaluating both via simplified signal detection framework. In 4 studies, we used appro...

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) is a safe and non-invasive way to assess brain functions by using signal changes associated with brain activity. the technique has become a ubiquitous tool in basic, clinical and cognitive neuroscience. this method can measure little metabolism changes that occur in active part of the brain. we process the fmri data to be able to find the parts of br...

Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is one of the newest swarm based optimization algorithms, which has been inspired by the Newtonian laws of gravity and motion. GSA has empirically shown to be an efficient and robust stochastic search algorithm. Since introducing GSA a convergence analysis of this algorithm has not yet been developed. This paper introduces the first attempt to a formal conve...

Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is one of the newest swarm based optimization algorithms, which has been inspired by the Newtonian laws of gravity and motion. GSA has empirically shown to be an efficient and robust stochastic search algorithm. Since introducing GSA a convergence analysis of this algorithm has not yet been developed. This paper introduces the first attempt to a formal conve...