background thymus species are well known medicinal plants which the previous studies suggested the involvement of the opioid system in them. objectives this study aimed to investigate the effects of methanolic extract and essential oil of aerial parts of thymus daenensis (td), an endemic aromatic medicinal plant of iran, on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. materials and methods experiments...

The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin; 5-HT)2C receptors in anxiety and the anxiolytic effects of drugs is well documented. In view of the withdrawal anxiety associated with repeated diazepam intake, the present study concerns the efficacy of 5-HT2C receptors in rats treated with diazepam. Results show that diazepam injections at a dose of 2 mg/kg daily for two weeks increased weekly food ...

BACKGROUND Clinically it is recognized that tree nut allergies such as hazelnut allergy are not usually outgrown. Specific mechanisms underlying the persistence of such food allergies are incompletely understood. Here we studied the natural history and the long-term immune and clinical characteristics of hazelnut allergy in an adjuvant-free mouse model. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized to ...

Debate over withdrawal or withholding of artificial nutrition appeared a distant discussion until the furor over the Schiavo case and a Papal Allocation reignited this ethical dilemma. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the bioethical opinion regarding artificial nutrition, as published in the Hastings Center Report from 1971 until 2007. A clinical and religious history of th...

Dysregulation of hedonic processing, in which seeking of drug reward becomes more desirable than seeking natural rewards, like food, sex, and novelty, is a consequence of chronic drug exposure and potentially leads to escalating drug usage and addiction. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic cocaine treatment (10 days of escalating doses of cocaine, 10-30 mg/kg) and multiple forced absti...

Buprenorphine is an opioid, used in the United States and abroad for both analgesia and addiction, with unique opioid receptor binding properties. There are several pharmacological features of buprenorphine that make it an emerging option for the long-term treatment of chronic pain-its respiratory suppression ceiling effect, its efficacy in neuropathic pain and hyperalgesic states, and its decr...