By using the [Fe ii] lambda8617/[O i] lambda6300 flux ratio, we demonstrate that most of the interstellar dust grains survive in shocks associated with supernova remnants and Herbig-Haro objects. The [Fe ii]/[O i] flux ratio is sensitive to the gas-phase Fe/O abundance ratio but is insensitive to the ionization state, temperature, and density of the gas. We calculate the [Fe ii]/[O i] flux rati...

The interaction of thermal radiation with conduction and laminar natural convection in a vertical circular pin, situated at participating gas, is numerically investigated. An absorbing and emitting gas is considered, and treated to be a gray participating media. Under the idealizing of gray gas, the Rosselan4 approximation is employed to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. ...

Organic soils are an important source of N2O, but global estimates of these fluxes remain uncertain because measurements are sparse. We tested the hypothesis that N2O fluxes can be predicted from estimates of mineral nitrogen input, calculated from readily-available measurements of CO2 flux and soil C/N ratio. From studies of organic soils throughout the world, we compiled a data set of annual ...

A CFD study on heat flux reduction in hypersonic flow with opposing jet has been conducted. Flowfield parameters, reattachment point position, surface pressure distributions and heat flux distributions are obtained and validated with experiments. The physical mechanism of heat reduction has been analyzed. When the opposing jet blows, the freestream is blocked off, flows to the edges and not int...

Minor Ha activity, consisting of small brightenings and small, surgelike spikes, was observed to take place above an active center at the solar limb in good time-association with small fluctuations in the soft X-ray background flux, suggesting that even small dynamical events seen optically are associated with coronal heating. The ratio of Ha flux to soft X-ray flux in some of the surges was ap...

The existence of flux-ratio anomalies between fold and cusp images in galaxy-scale strong-lens systems has led to an interpretation based on the presence of a high massfraction of cold-dark-matter (CDM) substructures around galaxies, as predicted by numerical N-body simulations. These substructures can cause large perturbations of the image magnifications, leading to changes in the image flux r...

By taking into account relativistic corrections to the magnetic dipole operator, the theoretical [OIII] 5006.843/4958.511 line intensity ratio of 2.98 is obtained. In order to check this new value using AGN spectra we present the measurements of the flux ratio of the [OIII] λλ4959, 5007 emission lines for a sample of 62 AGN, obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Database and from pu...

A systematic study of the local convective heat transport in turbulent thermal convection is carried out in small-aspect-ratio cells filled with water. The local convective heat flux is obtained from the simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements over varying Rayleigh numbers and spatial positions across the entire convection cell. Large fluctuations of the local convective heat flux ar...

We collect and combine all published data on the vertical atmospheric muon flux and the muon charge ratio for muon momenta above 10 GeV. At sea level the world average of the momentum spectra agrees with the flux calculated by E.V. Bugaev et al. within 15 %. The observed shape of the differential flux versus momentum is slightly flatter than predicted in this calculation. The experimental accur...

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are attracting significant interest for pervaporation and gas separation applications. To better comprehend the impact of filler particles within polymer matrices, the species permeation mass transport was theoretically studied by numerical simulation using finite differences. The Fick’s second law of diffusion was solved for a three-dimensional MMM to obtain the c...