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In this report, we quantify the divergence from the inverse square law (ISL) of the beam output as a function of distance (standoff) from closed-ended applicators for a modern clinical orthovoltage unit. The divergence is clinically significant exceeding 3% at a 1.2 cm distance for 4 × 4 and 10 × 10 cm2 closed-ended applicators. For all investigated cases, the measured dose falloff is more rapi...

Application of a single fraction of parallel opposed GRID beams as a means of increasing the efficiency of radiation delivery to deep-seated tumors has been investigated. This evaluation was performed by measurement of dosimetric characteristics of the GRID radiation field in parallel opposed and single beam geometry. The limitations of the parallel opposed technique in terms of field size and ...

We investigated the performance efficacy of beam search parsing and deep parsing techniques in probabilistic HPSG parsing using the Penn treebank. We first tested the beam thresholding and iterative parsing developed for PCFG parsing with an HPSG. Next, we tested three techniques originally developed for deep parsing: quick check, large constituent inhibition, and hybrid parsing with a CFG chun...

Strut-and-tie is a system of forces' distribution in the form of "load-path" connectivity from the applied load point to the support point. Strut-and-Tie Method (STM) has been developed based on simple truss model. STM models represent the load carrying mechanism of a structural member by approximating the flow of internal forces by means of struts representing the flow of compressive stresses ...

Multifragmentation of quasiprojectiles was studied in reactions of Si beam with Sn and Sn targets at projectile energies 30 and 50 MeV/nucleon. The quasiprojectile observables were reconstructed using isotopically identified charged particles with Zf ≤ 5 detected at forward angles. The nucleon exchange between projectile and target was investigated using isospin and excitation energy of reconst...

Following the Northridge earthquake of 1994, a significant number of steel moment resisting structural systems were damaged. Several studies have been conducted to improve the seismic performance of steel structures and specially their beam-to-column connections. One of the proposed connections for special moment-resisting frames included AISC-358 is Kaiser bolted bracket moment connection, bri...

We sketch a framework for monitoring macroeconomic activity in real-time and push it in new directions. In particular, we focus not only on real activity, which has received most attention to date, but also on inflation and its interaction with real activity. As for the recent recession, we find that (1) it likely ended around July 2009; (2) its most extreme aspects concern a real activity decl...