Nonunique solutions of the x-ray reflectivity (XRR) curve fitting problem were studied by modelling layer structures with neural networks and designing a fitness function to handle the nonidealities of measurements. Modelled atomic-layer-deposited aluminium oxide film structures were used in the simulations to calculate XRR curves based on Parratt’s formalism. This approach reduced the dimensio...

Growth competition assays have been developed to quantify the relative fitnesses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) mutants. In this article we develop mathematical models to describe viral/cellular dynamic interactions in the assay experiment, from which new competitive fitness indices or parameters are defined. These indices include the log fitness ratio (LFR), the log relative fitness (...

THE CHANGE IN MEAN FITNESS FOR TWO LOCI UNDER SELECTION CAN BE DESCRIBED BY FOUR TERMS: (i) the variance of fitness, (ii) a weighted between-gamete covariance, (iii) a function of recombination, linkage disequilibrium and the slope of the surface of mean fitness on disequilibrium, and (iv) a function of these two parameters and the curvature of the surface. Independent derivations of this equat...

This paper investigates the efficiency of using semantic and syntactic distance metrics in fitness sharing with Genetic Programming (GP). We modify the implementation of fitness sharing to speed up its execution, and used two distance metrics in calculating the distance between individuals in fitness sharing: semantic distance and syntactic distance. We applied fitness sharing with these two di...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a 3-month physical training program, conducted in an aquatic environment with end-stage renal disease patients (ESRD), on the physical fitness and functional parameters of the knee joint muscles. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 20 ESDR patients with mean age 64.2 ± 13.1 y. treated with hemodialysis in Dialysis Center of the Uni...

Estimates of mutational parameters, such as the average fitness effect of a new mutation and the rate at which new genetic variation for fitness is created by mutation, are important for the understanding of many biological processes. However, the causes of interspecific variation in mutational parameters and the extent to which they vary within species remain largely unknown. We maintained mul...

BACKGROUND A vicious circle of decreased physical fitness, early fatigue, and low physical activity levels (PAL) is thought to affect children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, the relationship of changes in physical fitness to changes in PAL and fatigue is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the associations among changes in physical fitness, walking-related PA...