This study examined the relation between long-term music training and child development based on 250 Chinese elementary school students' academic development of first language (L1), second language (L2), and mathematics. We found that musician children outperformed non-musician children only on musical achievement and second language development. Additionally, although music training appeared t...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of syntactic impairments in native language in Parkinson's disease. METHODS Twelve bilingual patients, with Friulian as their first language (L1) and Italian as their second (L2), with Parkinson's disease and 12 normal controls matched for age, sex, and years of schooling, were studied on three syntactic tasks. RESULTS Patients with Parkinson's disease ...

Aims and Objectives: This study explored the extent to which bilingual language exposure practice might alter way in first-generation adult speakers use deictic demonstratives their first (Spanish) after immersion a new environment (Norwegian). Fully developed L1 systems are expected be stable less susceptible change or restructuring than child systems. In addition, core domains of such as demo...

Twenty-eight native-English speakers enrolled in beginning and intermediate university Spanish courses participated in a mixed language semantic categorization task in which critical words were presented in English (L1) and Spanish (L2) and repetitions of these words (within- and between-languages) were presented on subsequent trials (i.e., immediate repetition). Event-related potentials were r...

Using a lexical-decision task performed by Dutch-English bilinguals, the author showed that the recognition of visually presented first language (L1; e.g., touw) and second language (L2; e.g., back) targets is facilitated by L2 and L1 masked primes, respectively, which are pseudohomophones (roap and ruch) of the target's translation equivalent (rope and rug). Moreover, recognition of L2 targets...

Language and emotions are closely linked. However, previous research suggests that this link is stronger in a native language (L1) than in a second language (L2) that had been learned later in life. The present study investigates whether such reduced emotionality in L2 is reflected in changes in emotional memory and embodied responses to L2 in comparison to L1. Late Spanish/English bilinguals p...

Abstract English is imposed as the language of instruction in multiple linguistically diverse societies where there more than one official language. This might have negative educational consequences for people whose first (L1) not English. To investigate this, 47 South Africans with advanced proficiency but different L1s (L1-English vs. L1-Zulu) were evaluated their listening comprehension abil...

The present paper summarizes three experiments that investigate the effects of age of acquisition on first-language (L1) acquisition in relation to second-language (L2) outcome. The experiments use the unique acquisition situations of childhood deafness and sign language. The key factors controlled across the studies are age of L1 acquisition, the sensory–motor modality of the language, and lev...