Novel nanomedical interventions require human testing to evaluate their safety and effectiveness. To establish a proper evidentiary basis for human trials, nanomedical innovations must first be subjected to animal and other laboratory testing. But it is uncertain whether the traditional laboratory approaches to safety evaluation will supply adequate information on nanotechnology risks to humans...

This study was a cross - sectional involving hockey players among students at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) using convenient sampling method. Data were collected by questionnaire consists of five parts including sociodemographic, physical activity, anthropometric measurement, dietary intake records and supplement intakes. The data statistically analysed t-test descriptive...

Asparagine-803 in the C-terminal transactivation domain of human hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha-subunit is hydroxylated by factor inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1) under normoxic conditions causing abrogation of the HIF-1alpha/p300 interaction. NMR and other analyses of a hydroxylated HIF fragment produced in vitro demonstrate that hydroxylation occurs at the beta-carbon of Asn-803 and imply pro...

2 Exploiting the consideration reported by the authors on genetic diversity among subjects and environmental effects on the phenotypes we can argue that science can’t use models (pag 11). Personalized medicine demonstrates that humans are not the perfect model for themselves due to the intra -species differences and above all for lack in standardization so results of FIH trial (pag 16) are affe...

Exosomes are small endosome-derived vesicles containing a wide range of functional proteins, mRNA, and miRNA. Exosomal miRNA from cancer cells helps modulate the microenvironment. In multiple myeloma (MM), the massive proliferation of malignant plasma cells causes hypoxia. To date, the majority of in vitro hypoxia studies of cancer cells have used acute hypoxic exposure (3-24 hours). Thus, we a...

The HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) hydroxylases [PHDs or EGLNs (prolyl hydroxylases), which in humans are PHD isoforms 1-3, and FIH (factor inhibiting HIF)] regulate HIF levels and activity. These enzymes are Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases, many of which are stimulated by ascorbate. We have investigated the ascorbate dependence of PHD2-catalysed hydroxylation of two prolyl hydroxyla...

Unlike most cells, cancer cells activate hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) to use glycolysis even at normal oxygen levels, or normoxia. Therefore, HIF-1 is an attractive target in cancer therapy. However, the regulation of HIF-1 during normoxia is not well characterised, although Mint3 was recently found to activate HIF-1 in cancer cells and macrophages by suppressing the HIF-1 inhibitor, fact...

Modulating immune responses with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target immune molecules has become a promising therapeutic strategy and is under investigation for the treatment of cancer and (auto)-immune diseases. A major hurdle to the development and early clinical investigation of many immunomodulatory mAbs is the inherent risk of adverse immune-mediated drug reactions in humans, such as ...

Received Jul. 6 th , 2013 Accepted Jul. 21 st , 2013 Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is the main protein in hypoxia pathway. The response of HIF to changes of oxygen pressure is regulated by 2 oxygen sensors, prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) and factor inhibiting HIF (FIH). Studies have shown that biochemical reactions at molecular level actually exhibit stochastic and random behaviors. Modeling biochem...