Grape plants (Vitis vinifera L.), like other major horticultural crops, suffer from attacks by plant pathogenic nematodes. These parasites are a serious burden for viticulturists all over the world and lead to reduced vine vigour crop yield. The nematode infesting grapevines include Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus Criconemella Tylenchulus Helicotylenchus Heterodera spp. etc. Besides these genera...

Degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral disc is most common cause lower back pain. It directly related to daily activities, mechanical stress, and other biological factors. We use imaging modalities assess degree degeneration, out which magnetic resonance (MRI) popular non-invasive modality. believed that early changes in degeneration are due biochemical events can be evaluated by sequences M...

Subacute combined degeneration ( SCD) due to vitamin B12 deficiency is common in North of Europe but sometimes it is seen in Iran. It can develop before the symptoms of anemia is obvious, with myelin injury and then axon and even neuron destruction in spinal cord, brain, optic and peripheral nerves. In this study two cases are reported; in the first patient, this disease in manifested by vitami...

Lesion of toxemia in first trimester pregnan­cies: Lesion of toxemia of pregnancy, compris­ing desidual arteriolar thickening, narrowing, degeneration, and endothelial vacuolization with trophoblastic degeneration and fibrin thrombi attached to degenerated chorionic villi, were evident in 46 (14.1 per cent) of 326 induced first trimester abortioruJ. No clinical features of toxemia were present,...

purpose : to evaluate the toxic retinal effects of intravitreal bevacizumab used for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (amd) using ganzfeld electroretinography (g-erg) methods : in this prospective comparative interventional study, 23 patients with active choroidal neovascularization (cnv) associated with amd were enrolled. patients were received intravitreal injection...