The present review gives a survey of rehabilitative measures for disorders of the motor function of the mimetic muscles (facial nerve), and muscles innervated by the spinal accessory and hypoglossal nerves. The dysfunction can present either as paralysis or hyperkinesis (hyperkinesia). Conservative and surgical treatment options aimed at restoring normal motor function and correcting the moveme...

Long-standing peripheral monolateral facial paralysis in the adult has challenged otolaryngologists, neurologists and plastic surgeons for centuries. Notwithstanding, the ultimate goal of normality of the paralyzed hemi-face with symmetry at rest, and the achievement of a spontaneous symmetrical smile with corneal protection, has not been fully reached. At the beginning of the 20(th) century, t...

Disfigurement is more common than is generally realised. It can be consequence of trauma, cancer, radiotherapy, facial paralysis, birthmarks, vascular malformations, neurofibromatosis, cleft lip/palate and other craniofacial conditions. Facial disfigurement can be physically, emotionally, and socially distressing, and some people whose faces have been disfigured can suffer a so-called “social d...

BACKGROUND Postparalysis facial synkinesis (PPFS) can occur after any cause of facial palsy. Current treatments are still inadequate. Surgical intervention, instead of Botox and rehabilitation only, for different degrees of PPFS was proposed. METHODS Seventy patients (43 females and 27 males) with PPFS were enrolled since 1986. They were divided into 4 patterns based on quality of smile and s...

Gracilis free muscle transfer (GFMT) is considered the gold standard in dynamic smile reanimation patients with long-standing facial paralysis. There are multiple motor nerves head and neck that can be used to provide innervation GFMT, either alone or combination. In this article, we review literature about these donor nerve options discuss their advantages disadvantages terms of excursion, spo...