PURPOSE Weak eye muscles can cause ophthalmic disorders, and in particular, strabismus. Exogenous trophic factors such as cardiotrophin (CT)-1 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) have been shown to increase the contractile force of adult heart and skeletal muscles, respectively. In the current study, the effects of endogenous and exogenous trophic factors on extraocular muscle strength and mas...

This study aimed to analyse the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in bovine muscles, with particular attention to the MHC-2B gene. Diaphragm, longissimus dorsi, masseter, several laryngeal muscles and two extraocular muscles (rectus lateralis and retractor bulbi) were sampled in adult male Bos taurus (age 18-24 months, mass 400-500 kg) and analysed by RT-PCR, gel electrophoresis a...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to localize the cell bodies of palisade endings that are associated with the myotendinous junctions of the extraocular muscles. METHODS Rhesus monkeys received tract-tracer injections (tetramethylrhodamine dextran [TMR-DA] or choleratoxin subunit B [CTB]) into the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, which contain the motoneurons of extraocular muscles. All e...

PURPOSE. The ultrafast extraocular muscles necessitate tight regulation of free cytosolic Ca concentration ([Ca ]i). Mitochondrial Ca influx may be fast enough for this role. In the present study, three hypotheses were tested: (1) Mitochondrial Ca uptake regulates [Ca ]i and production of force in extraocular muscle; (2) mitochondrial content correlates with their use as Ca sinks; and (3) mitoc...

purpose: to evaluate the incidence of the oculo-cardiac reflex (ocr) and its associated risk factors during strabismus surgeries performed at a tertiary referral center between 1390 and 1392. methods: over a 2-year period, all strabismus surgery candidates were enrolled in the study after obtaining consent from the patients or their parents. vital signs were recorded before the initiation of th...