In this work, we analyze the control properties of thermally coupled reactive distillation sequences and thermally coupled extractive distillation sequences in comparison with conventional reactive and extractive distillation configurations. All sequences have been designed using a multi objective genetic algorithm with restrictions. We study the theoretical control properties of those schemes ...

W. Stanek, M. Szega Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland L Blacha Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland Metallurgy represents a complex production system of fuel and mineral non-renewable resources transformation. The effectiveness of resource management in metallurgical chains depends on the applied ore grade and on the irreversibility of components of the system. T...

Rare earth metals are used in semiconductors, solar cells and catalysts. This review focuses on the background of oxide metallurgy technologies, the chemical and physical properties of rare earth (RE) metals, the background of oxide metallurgy, the functions of RE metals in steelmaking, and the influences of RE metals on steel microstructures. Future prospects for RE metal applications in steel...

Philippe Calain discusses the health and environmental hazards of extractive industries like mining and explores the tensions that arise when medical humanitarian organizations are called to intervene in emergencies involving the extractive sector.

This report describes the composition and some properties of the cast iron and wrought iron that form the dome of the U.S. Capitol. It is a compilation of two recent investigations, one by NIST and one by Lucius Pitkin, Inc. These investigations were implemented by the Office of the Architect of the Capitol to determine the dome’s condition and also to predict how the outer shell might respond ...

Cast iron (CI) is one of the oldest materials in commercial use. It has excellent compressive strength and is commonly used for structures that require this property, as well as for water and sewer lines. This article explains CI metallurgy and why the understanding of this metallurgy is key to understanding other ferrous materials and alloys. The composition of cast iron (CI) varies significan...

In this work, we obtain and compare the control properties of thermally coupled reactive distillation sequences and thermally coupled extractive distillation sequences with those of conventional reactive and extractive distillation configurations. All sequences have been designed using a multiobjective genetic algorithm with restrictions. The theoretical control properties of those schemes were...